…by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure. In 2014 the PARADIGM HF study introduced a new drug class…

…by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart failure. In 2014 the PARADIGM HF study introduced a new drug class…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants…

…HEMORR₂HAGES bleeding risk score is a clinical tool developed to assess the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) on anticoagulation therapy…

…and infarction Definition and therapeutic rationale Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries…

…orientation Two questions govern the initial management: 1. Is the patient haemodynamically compromised, or are there signs of ongoing major bleeding? 2. Is there cirrhosis…

…Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy…

…and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple…

…with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a major therapeutic target. This concept is clinically relevant because cardiovascular risk may…

…with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as…

…hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their…

…abstinence from tobacco and ultimately from nicotine. Smoking is a major modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear…

…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

Cardiology Definition and terminology Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular…

Cardiology Introduction Ventricular tachycardia (VT) represents a complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As…

…not delay reperfusion. 5. Give aspirin if acute coronary syndrome is likely and aortic dissection or active major bleeding is not suspected. 6. Call the…

…example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is…

…are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration…

…Assessment of chronotropic function and pacemaker settings. Preoperative functional assessment before major surgery. At a low pre test probability most positive results are false positives…

…where needed, coagulation expertise at the same time [1]. Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and…

…surgical ward. Decompression in severe vomiting where the stomach does not empty. Intraoperatively and postoperatively after major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition…

…renal colic, ischaemic pain, pancreatitis, major trauma. Postoperative pain. Cancer related pain and pain in the palliative phase. Severe breathlessness in the palliative phase (at…

…arrest, shock, sepsis, major trauma, unconsciousness — until the saturation can be measured reliably. Conditions in which oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation (see below)…

…A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a major injury proximal to the puncture site. A joint prosthesis or orthopaedic metalwork in the…

…most QT Prolongation moderate Aveed TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE Heart Damage wp most major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) severe ARISTADA ARIPIPRAZOLE LAUROXIL aripiprazole lauroxil Mixed…

…over the next 5 years. The calculator is widely used in clinical practice and is endorsed by major cardiology guidelines, including those from the European…

…the management of complex CAD, providing a structured approach to revascularization strategy. While it has limitations, its evolution into SYNTAX Score II and potential future…

…Calculation can be complex without dedicated software. May not account for all patient specific factors (e.g., frailty, comorbidities). References SYNTAX Score II Official Website…

…females, although the sex difference becomes less pronounced in older age. Cigarette smoking is a major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly…

…defined as a drug induced or drug exacerbated cardiac arrhythmia, constitutes a major clinical problem. It can manifest as an increase in the frequency of…

…by profound anaesthesia, paralysis, muscle rigidity and ultimately major tissue loss. Reperfusion after severe or prolonged ischaemia may be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis, with potential renal…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Pharmacokinetic Considerations Relevant to Dosing Amiodarone exhibits highly variable and complex pharmacokinetics that profoundly influence its dosing strategies. The drug…

…atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI…

…Across the updated systematic review, absolute reductions in major ASCVD events ranged from 0.8% to 2.5%. In people with a 10 year cardiovascular…

…Psychological and social factors also influence prognosis. Major depression after infarction is associated independently with increased mortality, while inadequate emotional support is associated with recurrent…

…disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from…

…recurrent symptoms, myocardial infarction, or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular…

…and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary angiography occur in approximately 2% of patients. Serious events such as stroke and…

…plaque and can assess stenosis. A major limitation is that CAC does not measure total plaque burden or stenosis severity directly. A patient may have…

…Within the ARC HBR framework, HBR is defined by the presence of at least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature…

…agents to become essential tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF…

…heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in developed countries. New ischemic events are major determinants of subsequent LV deterioration and long term survival. Viable…

…populations, reflecting differences in fat distribution and ethnicity. Abdominal obesity is a major driving force. Visceral adipose tissue is metabolically active and produces proinflammatory mediators…

…quantify stress induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion…

…include: Coronary dissection with obstruction of the true lumen Occlusion of a major epicardial artery or bypass graft Side branch occlusion or thrombus Disruption of…

…quality of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in individuals who…

…syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading…

…evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by non HDL cholesterol…

…atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary syndrome The major mechanisms producing acute coronary syndromes are: Plaque rupture with exposure of thrombogenic material. Superficial plaque…

…STEMI patients but significantly delayed treatment. While the OMI/NOMI framework is not yet formally incorporated into major clinical guidelines, it aligns with their emphasis…

…uterus to the left. Consider tilting the patient at a 15–30° left lateral angle to relieve pressure on the major vessels. A large uterus…

…The pacemaker is commonly implanted under the clavicle, between the skin and the pectorialis major. The pulse generator has a shell of titanium which is…

…Congenital Heart disease). Prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common class of major congenital malformations. CHD occurs in…

…continuously. Sample volume (SV) The major advantage of pulsed wave Doppler is the ability to specify where (along the Doppler line) to measure velocities. This…