…Depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or other circumstances that may affect cessation or treatment monitoring. Single question screening can identify unhealthy drug use requiring…

…also influence prognosis. Major depression after infarction is associated independently with increased mortality, while inadequate emotional support is associated with recurrent cardiac events. One possible…

…isolated ST depression in a woman with a low pre test probability is usually a false positive. Indications Evaluation of chest pain with an intermediate…

…not to increase the dose. Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus…

…cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, depression…

…affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure…

…infarction may manifest as reciprocal ST segment depression rather than apparent ST segment elevation. Posterior involvement is commonly associated with inferior or lateral myocardial infarction…

Echocardiography Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been…

Cardiology Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been…

…severe frailty, or very old or frail patients who may not tolerate rapid blood pressure reduction. Initial Combination Therapy General Strategy For most adults with…

…Important presentations include: Hypotension or shock Acute severe aortic regurgitation with heart failure Cardiac tamponade from haemopericardium Myocardial ischaemia from coronary ostial compromise Focal neurological…

…assessment. The clinical burden of AF does not reliably predict stroke risk. Infrequent episodes observed during office based assessments may coexist with asymptomatic episodes. Consequently…

…Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four fold increase in lifetime cardiovascular…

…widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants…

…HEMORR₂HAGES bleeding risk score is a clinical tool developed to assess the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) on anticoagulation therapy…

…disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease…

…is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic…

…GY. A novel user friendly score (HAS BLED) to assess 1 year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey…

…activity may be widespread rather than confined to a single lesion. Plaque composition is heterogeneous. Lipid rich, macrophage rich plaques are commonly associated with ru

…1β inhibition Canakinumab reduced inflammatory biomarkers without affecting lipids or other major coronary risk factors. In patients with previous myocardial infarction and residual inflammation…

…ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non…

…fms like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor ratio ≥40 is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia with severe features during the subsequent two weeks…

…these loci are now recognized as critical modifiers. High PRS burdens correlate with a more severe electrocardiographic phenotype, a higher likelihood of positive provocation testing…

…The 2021 Universal Definition of Heart Failure, endorsed by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical…

…Repeated blood gases, for example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom…

…with shock. A positive FAST scan in an unstable trauma patient. An unstable pelvic fracture with circulatory compromise. A ruptured aortic aneurysm or another major…

…on a surgical ward. Decompression in severe vomiting where the stomach does not empty. Intraoperatively and postoperatively after major abdominal surgery, according to local practice…

…L/min — the patient then rebreathes carbon dioxide from the mask Mask with a reservoir 10–15 L/min 60–90 % For acute severe hypoxaemia…

…venous access is not immediately available. Shock, severe trauma, burns or status epilepticus when peripheral access fails or is judged futile. Children in an emergency…

…moderate Aveed TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE Heart Damage wp most major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) severe ARISTADA ARIPIPRAZOLE LAUROXIL aripiprazole lauroxil Mixed wp less hypotension…

…cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of ventricular arrhythmias correlates with the degree of hypertrophy, the extent of ventricular fibrosis…

…validated to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) , including mortality, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization. For example, in the SYNTAX trial, patients with high scores…

…profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with greater accuracy than the original SYNTAX Score. Heart…

…Cigarette smoking is a major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly among first degree relatives, with siblings appearing to be especially affected…

…Sustained episodes may eventually degenerate into ventricular fibrillation (VF). Proarrhythmia, defined as a drug induced or drug exacerbated cardiac arrhythmia, constitutes a major clinical problem…

…muscle rigidity and ultimately major tissue loss. Reperfusion after severe or prolonged ischaemia may be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis, with potential renal failure and increased mortality…

…a major active metabolite. Both the parent drug and its metabolite accumulate extensively in various tissues, including the liver, lung, fat, and skin, with myocardial…

…benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with approximately a 25% reduction in…

…review, absolute reductions in major ASCVD events ranged from 0.8% to 2.5%. In people with a 10 year cardiovascular risk of approximately 10%…

…or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced angina or ischaemia associated with obstructive epicardial coronary disease. Angina or…

…or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD…

…and blood transfusion with radial access. Radial access has also been associated with lower overall major adverse cardiac events and mortality in pooled analyses of…

…ECG gating A single breath hold No intravenous line No premedication No special preparation Radiation exposure of approximately 1–1.5 mSv with contemporary techniques…

…prompting treatment is ACS. Features that suggest ACS rather than chronic stable angina include: sudden symptoms occurring at rest or with minimal exertion; symptoms lasting…

…of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause [4]. 2. Aortic Dissection Pain Characteristics: The classic symptom is a severe…

…associated with a high risk of platelet driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of major adverse…

…as intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), is independently associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), whereas BMI alone often fails to capture…

…because of repeated ischemic episodes or chronic reductions in perfusion. The amount and distribution of both viable and nonviable myocardium, together with coronary anatomy and…

…alone. The waist circumference associated with risk varies among populations, reflecting differences in fat distribution and ethnicity. Abdominal obesity is a major driving force. Visceral…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Purpose Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET)…

…large myocardial territory is jeopardized. Cardiovascular collapse after failed PCI is more likely with extensive myocardium at risk, severe baseline stenosis, multivessel coronary artery disease…

…adults with confirmed hypertension by measuring renin and aldosterone, although the strongest indications arise in patients with resistant or severe hypertension and associated clinical features…

…and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events and mortality. Risk factor modification is therefore directed at identifying individuals…

…when prolonged or severe, myocardial necrosis. It most commonly reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by platelet activation and coagulation, with formation of…

…the OMI/NOMI framework is not yet formally incorporated into major clinical guidelines, it aligns with their emphasis on early angiography in high risk patients…

…either within or outside the hospital, prompt communication with an obstetrician and neonatologist is critical. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should generally adhere to the standard adult…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…even the most severe malformations have become routine practice. The treatment repertoire includes surgery, catheter interventions, and medical therapies. Adults with congenital heart disease are…