…Depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or other circumstances that may affect cessation or treatment monitoring. Single question screening can identify unhealthy drug use requiring…

…Psychological and social factors also influence prognosis. Major depression after infarction is associated independently with increased mortality, while inadequate emotional support is associated with recurrent…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…renal colic, ischaemic pain, pancreatitis, major trauma. Postoperative pain. Cancer related pain and pain in the palliative phase. Severe breathlessness in the palliative phase (at…

…2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, depression, dementia and osteoporosis. It also improves functional capacity, skeletal health, muscular strength, quality of…

…are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration…

…from the standard anterior leads, posterior infarction may manifest as reciprocal ST segment depression rather than apparent ST segment elevation. Posterior involvement is commonly associated…

Echocardiography Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been…

Cardiology Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or higher indicates high risk of major bleeding Note that a high HAS…

…HEMORR₂HAGES bleeding risk score is a clinical tool developed to assess the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) on anticoagulation therapy…

…and infarction Definition and therapeutic rationale Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries…

…orientation Two questions govern the initial management: 1. Is the patient haemodynamically compromised, or are there signs of ongoing major bleeding? 2. Is there cirrhosis…

…and calibration for major bleeding events compared to both HAS BLED and ATRIA. Note that while these prediction models provide guidance, their accuracies are moderate…

…and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple…

…with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a major therapeutic target. This concept is clinically relevant because cardiovascular risk may…

…with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as…

…disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major…

…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

…The 2021 Universal Definition of Heart Failure, endorsed by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…not delay reperfusion. 5. Give aspirin if acute coronary syndrome is likely and aortic dissection or active major bleeding is not suspected. 6. Call the…

…example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is…

…where needed, coagulation expertise at the same time [1]. Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and…

…surgical ward. Decompression in severe vomiting where the stomach does not empty. Intraoperatively and postoperatively after major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition…

…arrest, shock, sepsis, major trauma, unconsciousness — until the saturation can be measured reliably. Conditions in which oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation (see below)…

…A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a major injury proximal to the puncture site. A joint prosthesis or orthopaedic metalwork in the…

…PALMITATE paliperidone palmitate Arrhythmia wp most QT Prolongation moderate Aveed TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE Heart Damage wp most major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) severe ARISTADA…

…over the next 5 years. The calculator is widely used in clinical practice and is endorsed by major cardiology guidelines, including those from the European…

…23–32) require careful consideration by a heart team. Predict Outcomes : The score has been validated to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) , including mortality…

…profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with greater accuracy than the original SYNTAX Score. Heart…

…females, although the sex difference becomes less pronounced in older age. Cigarette smoking is a major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly…

…Sustained episodes may eventually degenerate into ventricular fibrillation (VF). Proarrhythmia, defined as a drug induced or drug exacerbated cardiac arrhythmia, constitutes a major clinical problem…

…by profound anaesthesia, paralysis, muscle rigidity and ultimately major tissue loss. Reperfusion after severe or prolonged ischaemia may be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis, with potential renal…

…Following a single oral dose, plasma concentrations peak within 3 to 6 hours. The agent undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, yielding desethylamiodarone as a major active…

…inhibitor produces dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), while treatment with one antiplatelet drug constitutes single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT). The benefit of antiplatelet therapy must always be…

…Across the updated systematic review, absolute reductions in major ASCVD events ranged from 0.8% to 2.5%. In people with a 10 year cardiovascular…

…disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from…

…recurrent symptoms, myocardial infarction, or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular…

…and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary angiography occur in approximately 2% of patients. Serious events such as stroke and…

…non contrast, electrocardiographically gated computed tomography (CT) scan. Image acquisition generally requires a single breath hold and does not require intravenous access, premedication, or special…

…Within the ARC HBR framework, HBR is defined by the presence of at least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature…

…agents to become essential tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF…

…heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in developed countries. New ischemic events are major determinants of subsequent LV deterioration and long term survival. Viable…

…populations, reflecting differences in fat distribution and ethnicity. Abdominal obesity is a major driving force. Visceral adipose tissue is metabolically active and produces proinflammatory mediators…

…Estimate major adverse cardiovascular event risk. Quantify myocardial blood flow when PET is used. SPECT is recommended in suspected chronic coronary syndrome with moderate or…

…include: Coronary dissection with obstruction of the true lumen Occlusion of a major epicardial artery or bypass graft Side branch occlusion or thrombus Disruption of…

…PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium…

…evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by non HDL cholesterol…

…high risk plaques may exist throughout the coronary tree, while inflammation and thrombotic susceptibility are often systemic rather than confined to a single lesion. Consequently…

…STEMI patients but significantly delayed treatment. While the OMI/NOMI framework is not yet formally incorporated into major clinical guidelines, it aligns with their emphasis…

…uterus to the left. Consider tilting the patient at a 15–30° left lateral angle to relieve pressure on the major vessels. A large uterus…

…The pacemaker is commonly implanted under the clavicle, between the skin and the pectorialis major. The pulse generator has a shell of titanium which is…

…Congenital Heart disease). Prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common class of major congenital malformations. CHD occurs in…