…other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation. Depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or other circumstances that may affect cessation or treatment monitoring. Single question…

…also influence prognosis. Major depression after infarction is associated independently with increased mortality, while inadequate emotional support is associated with recurrent cardiac events. One possible…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…renal colic, ischaemic pain, pancreatitis, major trauma. Postoperative pain. Cancer related pain and pain in the palliative phase. Severe breathlessness in the palliative phase (at…

…2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, depression, dementia and osteoporosis. It also improves functional capacity, skeletal health, muscular strength, quality of…

…are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration…

…from the standard anterior leads, posterior infarction may manifest as reciprocal ST segment depression rather than apparent ST segment elevation. Posterior involvement is commonly associated…

Echocardiography Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been…

Cardiology Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or higher indicates high risk of major bleeding Note that a high HAS…

…HEMORR₂HAGES bleeding risk score is a clinical tool developed to assess the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) on anticoagulation therapy…

…and infarction Definition and therapeutic rationale Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries…

…orientation Two questions govern the initial management: 1. Is the patient haemodynamically compromised, or are there signs of ongoing major bleeding? 2. Is there cirrhosis…

…and calibration for major bleeding events compared to both HAS BLED and ATRIA. Note that while these prediction models provide guidance, their accuracies are moderate…

…and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple…

…with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a major therapeutic target. This concept is clinically relevant because cardiovascular risk may…

…with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as…

…disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major…

…death (SCD), Brugada syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary…

…The 2021 Universal Definition of Heart Failure, endorsed by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated, particularly with ongoing or recurrent pain [1,3,4]. This quick reference gives internationally established doses. Drug availability…

…example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is…

…where needed, coagulation expertise at the same time [1]. Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and…

…surgical ward. Decompression in severe vomiting where the stomach does not empty. Intraoperatively and postoperatively after major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition…

…arrest, shock, sepsis, major trauma, unconsciousness — until the saturation can be measured reliably. Conditions in which oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation (see below)…

…A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a major injury proximal to the puncture site. A joint prosthesis or orthopaedic metalwork in the…

…PALMITATE paliperidone palmitate Arrhythmia wp most QT Prolongation moderate Aveed TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE Heart Damage wp most major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) severe ARISTADA…

…over the next 5 years. The calculator is widely used in clinical practice and is endorsed by major cardiology guidelines, including those from the European…

…23–32) require careful consideration by a heart team. Predict Outcomes : The score has been validated to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) , including mortality…

…profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with greater accuracy than the original SYNTAX Score. Heart…

…females, although the sex difference becomes less pronounced in older age. Cigarette smoking is a major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly…

…defined as a drug induced or drug exacerbated cardiac arrhythmia, constitutes a major clinical problem. It can manifest as an increase in the frequency of…

…by profound anaesthesia, paralysis, muscle rigidity and ultimately major tissue loss. Reperfusion after severe or prolonged ischaemia may be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis, with potential renal…

…The agent undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, yielding desethylamiodarone as a major active metabolite. Both the parent drug and its metabolite accumulate extensively in various tissues…

…coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with approximately a 25% reduction in recurrent infarction…

…Across the updated systematic review, absolute reductions in major ASCVD events ranged from 0.8% to 2.5%. In people with a 10 year cardiovascular…

…disease may be obstructive or non obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from…

…flow limiting disease may continue to cause ischaemia, recurrent symptoms, myocardial infarction, or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important…

…and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary angiography occur in approximately 2% of patients. Serious events such as stroke and…

…plaque and can assess stenosis. A major limitation is that CAC does not measure total plaque burden or stenosis severity directly. A patient may have…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…requires an individualized balance between: Ischaemic risk, including recurrent myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis. Bleeding risk, particularly major or life threatening bleeding. The clinical presentation…

…agents to become essential tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF…

…Heart failure (HF) symptoms may result from several overlapping processes: Recurrent or extensive MI with necrosis and scar formation Diffuse myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction…

…populations, reflecting differences in fat distribution and ethnicity. Abdominal obesity is a major driving force. Visceral adipose tissue is metabolically active and produces proinflammatory mediators…

…Estimate major adverse cardiovascular event risk. Quantify myocardial blood flow when PET is used. SPECT is recommended in suspected chronic coronary syndrome with moderate or…

…include: Coronary dissection with obstruction of the true lumen Occlusion of a major epicardial artery or bypass graft Side branch occlusion or thrombus Disruption of…

…PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium…

…and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events and mortality. Risk factor modification is therefore directed at identifying individuals…

…atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary syndrome The major mechanisms producing acute coronary syndromes are: Plaque rupture with exposure of thrombogenic material. Superficial plaque…

…STEMI patients but significantly delayed treatment. While the OMI/NOMI framework is not yet formally incorporated into major clinical guidelines, it aligns with their emphasis…

…uterus to the left. Consider tilting the patient at a 15–30° left lateral angle to relieve pressure on the major vessels. A large uterus…

…The pacemaker is commonly implanted under the clavicle, between the skin and the pectorialis major. The pulse generator has a shell of titanium which is…

…Congenital Heart disease). Prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common class of major congenital malformations. CHD occurs in…