…symptoms should be documented carefully. Longer standing and more severe pain or functional loss reduce the likelihood of successful limb salvage. Evaluation and physical examination…

…is obtained using 10 electrodes. These 12 leads consist of two sets of ECG leads: limb leads and chest leads. The chest leads may also…

…ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation…

…but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal T wave in adults is positive in most precordial and limb leads. The T wave amplitude is…

…P waves with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. P wave is positive in limb lead II. Normal (physiological) causes of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia…

…ultrasound gel, a blood pressure cuff of the correct size (the width should correspond to about 40 % of the circumference of the limb), a manual…

…trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand. Vascular disease in the limb: marked peripheral arterial disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, thromboangiitis obliterans…

…40 ms Left atrial enlargement Low voltage QRS < 5 mm in the limb leads or < 10 mm in the chest leads Pericardial effusion…

…vaccination. Relative: Lymphoedema or previous axillary clearance on the same side. A paretic limb — poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation…

…an arteriovenous fistula, previous axillary clearance or lymphoedema. A limb with paresis or marked swelling. A vein suspected of thrombosis or previously thrombophlebitic. Intraosseous access…