…puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression…

…and other tachyarrhythmias with discernible QRS complexes. Shockable rhythm : Tachyarrhythmias that can be treated with defibrillation (ventricular fibrillation) or cardioversion (ventricular tachycardia). Non shockable rhythm…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Blood pressure is a continuous cardiovascular exposure rather than a binary distinction between normotension and hypertension. Its long term relationship with…

…overall mortality after such protocols are introduced, although the effect on 24 hour mortality is uncertain and the evidence for non traumatic bleeding is weaker …

…The leads are introduced into one of the larger veins (typically the subclavian vein) and guided further down to the heart where they contact the…

…cachexia) rather than a protective effect of adiposity. Etiology and underlying causes The etiology of HFrEF is broadly dichotomized into ischemic and non ischemic causes…

…1980s. Beta blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) were introduced and improved survival dramatically. When the pioneers Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and…

…1980s. Beta blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) were introduced and improved survival dramatically. When the pioneers Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and…

…al ). Among patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function is actually a stronger predictor of death than the atherosclerotic burden. Assessment of the size…

…Introduce it perpendicular to the face and then parallel to the floor of the nose in one smooth movement — never obliquely upwards towards the eye…

…that is not possible on the spot, ENT must be contacted urgently rather than a routine referral being made. Two or more magnets constitute the…

…The laryngeal mask is a compromise and does not protect the airway completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus…

…wave. The whole value of the investigation lies in the ratio between the number of atrial and ventricular complexes — more atrial than ventricular complexes, the…

…in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional assessment methods have focused on genotype and QTc interval prolongation. In 2018, Mazzanti et al. introduced the…

…in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional assessment methods have focused on genotype and QTc interval prolongation. In 2018, Mazzanti et al. introduced the…

…clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG…

…Pericardiocentesis , performed using a large needle introduced either via the subxiphoid or apical window, is generally considered less effective than thoracotomy. This is because it…