…puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Blood pressure is a continuous cardiovascular exposure rather than a binary distinction between normotension and hypertension. Its long term relationship with…

…plasma and platelets. Observational data from trauma suggest a lower overall mortality after such protocols are introduced, although the effect on 24 hour mortality is…

…The leads are introduced into one of the larger veins (typically the subclavian vein) and guided further down to the heart where they contact the…

…27] . Recent guideline updates have introduced critical nuances to HF terminology to reflect the dynamic nature of myocardial remodeling. The designation "Heart Failure with improved…

…1980s. Beta blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) were introduced and improved survival dramatically. When the pioneers Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and…

…1980s. Beta blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) were introduced and improved survival dramatically. When the pioneers Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and…

…al ). Among patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function is actually a stronger predictor of death than the atherosclerotic burden. Assessment of the size…

…work inwards towards the centre. 4. Wipe away excess silver nitrate so that the adjacent mucosa is not burned. 5. Inspect again after 10–15…

…that is not possible on the spot, ENT must be contacted urgently rather than a routine referral being made. Two or more magnets constitute the…

…Open the mouth, introduce the mask with the aperture facing the tongue and follow the hard palate with your index finger as a guide. 5…

…wave. The whole value of the investigation lies in the ratio between the number of atrial and ventricular complexes — more atrial than ventricular complexes, the…

…in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional assessment methods have focused on genotype and QTc interval prolongation. In 2018, Mazzanti et al. introduced the…

…in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional assessment methods have focused on genotype and QTc interval prolongation. In 2018, Mazzanti et al. introduced the…

…eliminate it. Angiographic restenosis—defined in the source material as follow up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients, while clinically…

…Pericardiocentesis , performed using a large needle introduced either via the subxiphoid or apical window, is generally considered less effective than thoracotomy. This is because it…