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Cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)

…al, JAMA Cardiology (2020). Guo et al reported that 27.8% (52 of 187 patients) had myocardial injury, defined as elevated troponin T levels (TnT)…

Wound suturing

…been assessed for tendon and nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause of wound infection is retained contamination…

Endotracheal intubation

…Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury, anaphylaxis…

Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…together promote left ventricular hypertrophy and kidney injury. The syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic dysfunction…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can otherwise be hard to see, particularly when the patient…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…of thrombosis or previously thrombophlebitic. Intraosseous access (absolute, for the bone in question): A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a major injury…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10 mg/mL makes small adjustments impossible. Procedure…

Otoscopy and ear syringing

…spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula…

Renal parameters

…value normalised to body surface area — the difference is substantial in very small and very large people. Acute kidney injury (KDIGO) Stage Creatinine Urine output : : :…

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