…or another strong suspicion of portal hypertension? Variceal and ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of…

…cases, the initiating process is plaque disruption with thrombosis; other cases result from spasm, microvascular dysfunction, embolism, dissection, hypotension or shock, respiratory failure, severe anaemia…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…therapy, particularly with warfarin. Developed from the ATRIA study cohort, this score aids clinicians in estimating the risk of bleeding complications due to anticoagulants. Components…

…It was developed in 2010, using data from the EuroHeart survey. Components of the HAS BLED Score The HAS BLED score is an acronym that…

…strokes are caused by cardiac embolism. This figure does not include paradoxical embolism (discussed below) and emboli from the proximal aorta. Stroke and TIA (Transient…

…Traumatic cardiac arrests typically result from mechanisms that render chest compressions ineffective. For instance, a traumatic hemorrhage can deplete intravascular volume to such an extent…

…Yan Y, Milligan PE, et al. Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. Am Heart J . 2006;151…

…DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR in hemorrhagic shock, a dog model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016;81:27 33…

…transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non…

…major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and the simultaneous delivery of red cells, plasma and platelets. Observational data from…

…inflammation; smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation; extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation; neovascularization and intraplaque haemorrhage; calcification and remodelling; episodic plaque disruption followed by thrombosis…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Cardiology Definition and Pathophysiology Vasovagal syncope represents the most common form of neurally mediated syncope (NMS), a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It…

…non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage or death [3]. Acute overview 1…

…must never delay it. Indications Suspected meningitis or encephalitis. Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS…

…runs away or the patient bleeds. In Sweden the treatment is usually managed from an anticoagulation clinic with dosing support, but whoever starts the drug…

…Intramural haematoma IMH is haemorrhage within the aortic media without an identifiable communication between the aortic lumen and the haematoma and without a visible intimal…

…the intima. Intramural haematoma differs from classic dissection because haemorrhage occurs within the media without imaging evidence of an intimal tear or flap. AAS is…

…time. Experimentally, necrosis advances from the subendocardium towards the subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury are influenced by collateral flow, myocardial…

…Across the updated systematic review, absolute reductions in major ASCVD events ranged from 0.8% to 2.5%. In people with a 10 year cardiovascular…

…myocardial injury alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions (such as myocarditis) or non cardiac conditions (such as…

…the remaining ones are malignant. • Secondary cardiac tumours have spread to the heart by metastasis or invasion from surrounding tissue. Differential Diagnostics There are several…

…Note that pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardial sac) is difficult to discern from myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardial tissue) and because they tend to accompany…

…DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR in hemorrhagic shock, a dog model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 81:27 33 …

…any of the excipients. Active pathological bleeding , such as gastrointestinal bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage. History of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Severely impaired liver…

…Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any excipient. Active bleeding. Previous intracranial hemorrhage. Severe liver impairment. Concurrent administration of ticagrelor with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors…

…Consequently, a proximal dissection can result in hemorrhage within the pericardium. Ventricular rupture : A transmural infarction can cause a rupture in the left ventricular free…

…Increased pulmonary blood flow. Ventricular arrhythmias Severe hypertension resulting in cerebrovascular hemorrhage Cardiac ischemia Sudden cardiac death Prolonged use may be cardiotoxic. Isoproterenol Bradycardia (first…

…remains the meticulous application of anticoagulant therapies, balancing the imperative of stroke prevention against the inherent risks of iatrogenic hemorrhage. ECG recordings of atrial fibrillation…

…hemorrhage must be promptly considered as a differential, and immediate administration of 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid is recommended. In circumstances of hypotension and hemorrhage…

…Increased pulmonary blood flow. Ventricular arrhythmias Severe hypertension resulting in cerebrovascular hemorrhage Cardiac ischemia Sudden cardiac death Prolonged use may be cardiotoxic. Isoproterenol Bradycardia (first…

…motion intolerance and difficulty walking Vestibular neuritis, cerebellar or brainstem infarction, haemorrhage, drug toxicity, demyelination HINTS plus by a trained examiner if nystagmus is present…

…during ongoing vasoactive treatment. Conditions in which blood pressure must be kept within narrow limits: aortic dissection, intracerebral haemorrhage, after cardiac arrest. Repeated blood gases…

…hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, circulatory failure, sepsis, stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, seizure, poisoning and severe withdrawal. 4. Establish whether the condition is new or clearly worse than baseline…

…with new or progressive acute target organ damage. Common manifestations are hypertensive encephalopathy, intracerebral haemorrhage, acute coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary oedema…

…to those who are experienced. Size Colour Approximate flow Typical use : : : : 14 G Orange 250–300 mL/min Massive haemorrhage, rapid volume replacement 16 G…

…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

…DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR in hemorrhagic shock, a dog model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 81:27 33 …