…or another strong suspicion of portal hypertension? Variceal and ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of…

…cases, the initiating process is plaque disruption with thrombosis; other cases result from spasm, microvascular dysfunction, embolism, dissection, hypotension or shock, respiratory failure, severe anaemia…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…therapy, particularly with warfarin. Developed from the ATRIA study cohort, this score aids clinicians in estimating the risk of bleeding complications due to anticoagulants. Components…

…It was developed in 2010, using data from the EuroHeart survey. Components of the HAS BLED Score The HAS BLED score is an acronym that…

…strokes are caused by cardiac embolism. This figure does not include paradoxical embolism (discussed below) and emboli from the proximal aorta. Stroke and TIA (Transient…

…Traumatic cardiac arrests typically result from mechanisms that render chest compressions ineffective. For instance, a traumatic hemorrhage can deplete intravascular volume to such an extent…

…Yan Y, Milligan PE, et al. Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. Am Heart J . 2006;151…

…DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR in hemorrhagic shock, a dog model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016;81:27 33…

…transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non…