…hypothermia, and hyperkalemia. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The clinical manifestation of bradycardia depends on the adequacy of cardiac output. Isolated sinus bradycardia that is unaccompanied…

…is associated with a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening…

Cardiology Definition and terminology Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular…

…healthy and diseased individuals. Asymptomatic bradycardia may lack prognostic significance or be physiological, particularly in athletes and young individuals. The severity of symptoms and presence…

…vulnerability and the risk of future plaque rupture. Anatomical severity versus functional significance The physiological effect of a coronary lesion depends on more than its…

…is too often discovered first at hospital admission due to its complications (stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure, dyspnea). Most individuals, however, do experience symptoms and th

…dimensions and often lower ejection fraction, as compared with non athletes. This is explained by the fact that the athlete's heart produces significantly larger…

…CCS. General strategy For most patients, initial therapy consists of a beta blocker and/or a calcium channel blocker (CCB). If symptoms remain inadequately controlled…

…than to replace the default 12 month regimen in the general ACS population. Clinical context and patient selection Acute coronary syndrome ACS includes ST segment…

…TIA) or stroke. The risk associated with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and plaque characteristics. In the general population, the prevalence of asymptomatic…

…examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination must be preceded by information about…

…blockers) without the risk of worsening the bradycardia. Persons with sick sinus syndrome should receive an artificial pacemaker to reduce symptoms and increase function. However…

…adverse outcome is aneurysm size. Larger aneurysms and more rapid expansion are associated with increasing likelihood of symptoms, complications and rupture. Aneurysmal sacs may contain…

…The upper 99% limits of normal for corrected QT (QTc) values in the general population are 450 ms for men and 460 ms for women…

…frailty, orthostatic symptoms, and blood pressure close to target. Low dose combination therapy generally produces faster and more consistent blood pressure reduction than monotherapy. It…

…99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia , demonstrated by at least one of the following: Symptoms of myocardial ischaemia. New ischaemic ECG…

…2. Musculoskeletal Conditions Examples: Costochondritis and general musculoskeletal pain are common causes of chest pain [2]. Pain Characteristics: Pain reproduced with palpation is often indicative…

…the commonest minor procedures in general practice concern the nails, and all three rest on the same foundation: an effective digital block and a tourniquet …

…in general practice or in the emergency department with simple equipment. Two principles determine the outcome: the first attempt is the best attempt , and a…

…Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. General principles for the management of VT/VF. Antiarrhythmic agents: doses, indications, and contraindications. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. General principles for the management of VT/VF. Antiarrhythmic agents: doses, indications, and contraindications. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…CHD occurs in approximately 1% of live births, and 10% of aborted fetuses, with no significant geographical variations. Roughly 25% of children with congenital heart…

…to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and of vascular injury; always an orthopaedic surgeon, and usually general anaesthesia…

…with stroke risk factors, but this benefit was accompanied by increased serious gastrointestinal bleeding and a non significant increase in cerebral haemorrhage. Bleeding outcomes The…

…fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence for premature atherosclerosis is particularly strong in RA and SLE…

…that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This required thousands of observational studies, genetic studies and randomized controlled clinical trials…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

…reduction varies according to the statin, dose, and individual response. In general, statins reduce LDL C by approximately 30–55%; doubling the dose produces an…

…will depend on the severity of the conduction defect and the affected ventricle. In general, a conduction defect in the left ventricle is more significant…

…the most promising improvement. 1 Given the wide use of pacemakers and the trend towards increased use of cardiac devices in general, it is crucial…

…and density (D) of the liquid: Formula 2 : K = 0.5 • D blood • v 2 With regards to echocardiography and ultrasound imaging in general…

…BSA [body surface area]). Approximately 85% 90% of healthy individuals in the general population exhibit a small tricuspid regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

Farmakologi & dosering Infektionssjukdomar Lathundar The doses below are taken from the Strama Stockholm recommendations 2025/2026 and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min …

…creatinine, acid–base status and signs of myocardial ischaemia must be monitored during treatment [4,6]. Important exceptions Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute…

…abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile…

…the work of breathing, the peripheral perfusion and the signs of shock 2 Two large bore peripheral cannulae. Consider an arterial line if the patient…

…the general sense; the decision depends on balancing the expected diagnostic or therapeutic benefit against the patient’s specific procedural risks. Vascular access and access…

…establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without…

…This distinction is clinically important because cardiac troponin elevation after revascularization is common and may reflect procedural myocardial injury rather than a clinically significant infarction…

…but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal T wave in adults is positive in most precordial and limb leads. The T wave amplitude is…

…Septal hypertrophy, apical hypertrophy and hypertrophy of the left ventricular free wall are common. General hypertrophy is less common. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes concentric hypertrophy Hypertrophic…

…sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic syndrome (which includes…

…and greater than 80 ms in children less than 8 years of age without meeting the criteria for RBBB or LBBB." These conduction delays may…

…the volume, echogenicity and location of the effusion. Regarding the location, an effusion may be general (circumferential) or localized to a specific area. The effusion…