…is particularly vulnerable to toxic injury because of its high blood flow and the concentration of filtered substances along the nephron as water is reabsorbed…

…anything else is done. Preparation and equipment A visual acuity chart and a pinhole. A slit lamp with a cobalt blue filter; alternatively a magnifying…

…Gain and filter should be minimized in order to obtain optimal images. The pulsed Doppler beam can be positioned using color Doppler (to visualize the…

…shift. To analyze reflections from the myocardium, the ultrasound machine filters out all other reflected sound waves, such that only those representing myocardium are recorded…

…before transfusing again. Preparation and equipment Compatibility testing Test What it involves When it is used : : : Blood grouping ABO and RhD typing. Requires two samples…

…needs to be documented before referral to an arrhythmia unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine, which can be given during the recording and unmask…

…slowly, and every additional length of tubing, every tap and every filter reduces the flow further — it is the whole system, not just the cannula…

…cooperation. Preparation and equipment Equipment: a calibrated spirometer with a daily volume check (a 3 litre calibration syringe), a disposable mouthpiece with a bacterial filter…

…the aorta during systole. It is easily calculated by measuring VTI (Velocity Time Integral), using pulsed wave Doppler, in the aortic valve. The stroke volume…

…several electrodes. The standard ECG – which is referred to as a 12 lead ECG since it includes 12 leads – is obtained using 10 electrodes. These…