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Spirometry

…reached 15 seconds. In 2019 ATS/ERS removed the previous minimum requirement of 6 seconds in adults and 3 seconds in children, but many laboratories…

Oesophageal ECG

…the inputs of the filter ("IN−" and "IN+"). The oesophageal signal is thereby displayed in the V5 channel on the printout. 3. Set the filter:…

Eye examination and corneal foreign body

…or the cornea. Never use a cotton bud on an embedded corneal foreign body — it scrapes away a large area of epithelium. 3. An embedded…

Assessment of diastolic function by echocardiography

…1–3 mm axial length of SV) and sweep speed is set to 50 mm/s to 100 mm/s (Figure 1). Gain and filter…

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…always RhD negative to women of childbearing age) while awaiting the result. Equipment A large bore peripheral cannula — at least 1.3 mm (green) for…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…flow more slowly, and every additional length of tubing, every tap and every filter reduces the flow further — it is the whole system, not just…

Assessing left ventricular systolic function

…direction of myocardial motion. This is possible because myocardium also reflects ultrasound waves. In order to analyze myocardial motion, the ultrasound system must filter out…

Tissue Doppler (Tissue Velocity Imaging)

…within a color sector. Myocardium moving towards the transducer is colored red, and myocardium moving away from the transducer is colored blue. The advantage of…

The ECG leads: Electrodes, limb leads, chest (precordial) leads and the 12-Lead ECG

…and between cells via gap junctions, facilitating the propagation of depolarization across the cells. Electrical potential differences arise as the electrical impulse travels through the…

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