…Differentiating Pathologies : Helps differentiate cardiac vs. non cardiac causes of symptoms like dyspnea or failure to thrive. Limitations and Considerations Technical Challenges : Poor acoustic windows…

Info The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to perform systematic interpretation may actually be detrimental. We have therefore compiled a pocket guide with…

…Failure to perform a systematic interpretation of the ECG may be detrimental. The interpretation algorithm presented below is easy to follow and it can be…

…Definition and classification Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless…

…is defined as failure to reach 80% of the expected maximum heart rate (age adjusted). To determine this it is necessary to perform an exercise…

…relaxation and filling. Hypertension and diabetes can contribute to the development of heart failure in the preserved and mildly reduced EF ranges, and obesity is…

…HFpEF from "Heart Failure with improved EF" (HFimpEF). HFimpEF refers to patients with a historical baseline LVEF ≤40% that has subsequently improved to 40% under…

…nuances to HF terminology to reflect the dynamic nature of myocardial remodeling. The designation "Heart Failure with improved Ejection Fraction" (HFimpEF) is now applied to…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

…due to cardiovascular disease ( Myerburg et al ). Sudden unexpected cardiac arrest is the mechanism of death for about half of all individuals with heart failure…

…and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms…

…However, diuretic treatment has not been shown formally to reduce heart failure mortality; its established role is symptom relief and prevention of recurrent congestion and…

…s disease, renal failure, tamoxifen, lithium, thiazide diuretics, D vitamin and calcium overdose. ECG changes due to hypercalcemia Common ECG changes Shortened QT interval. Lengthened…

…metastases, diminished calcium absorption and/or enhanced calcium excretion, chronic renal failure, pancreatic or bowel resections (leading to "short bowel syndrome"), parathyroid and thyroid surgeries…

…failure. Consider urgent angiography in patients with unknown etiology for acute severe heart failure. A recent echocardiographic examination should be available or performed urgently to…

…the cap, leading to structural failure. Rupture exposes highly thrombogenic subendothelial matrix components, notably tissue factor and collagen, to the circulating blood [3] . Plaque Erosion…

Procedurer In acute circulatory failure it is not the number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula…

…heart failure, myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz…

…may respond poorly to adrenaline. If there is no response, give glucagon 1–5 mg IV followed by an infusion. Arrhythmias Drug Adult Child Comment …

Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug…

…heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant women without pre existing heart disease, such as in peripartum cardiomyopathy, or secondary to…

…such calibrations several times daily, and they include a backup algorithm that delivers a stimulus when failure to capture is confirmed. Oversensing Oversensing occurs when…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Intensivvård Lathundar Clinical use This overview is a quick reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the…

Calculators CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex…

…mg/hour every 20 min to desired blood pressure. Maximum infusion rate 25 mg/hour. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Angina pectoris. Caution Heart failure…

…or heart failure. Nicardipine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency). ACE inhibitors Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its…

…nitroglycerin regularly may have developed tolerance and require higher doses, alternatively nitroprusside to achieve desirable blood pressure lowring effect. Drug Nitroglycerin Brand names Gonitro ®…

…to cyanide. Cyanid toxicity may be fatal (should be suspected if patient develops altered mental status and lactic acidosis). Fatal outcomes are rare. Renal failure…

…central to determining the intensity of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation, and possible reperfusion. The principal pathophysiological determinant of early adverse outcome is acute RV failure…

…or heart failure. Nicardipine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency). ACE inhibitors Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its…

…indicated in the following scenarios: Inability to exercise due to physical limitations. Contraindications to exercise, such as unstable angina, severe aortic stenosis, decompensated heart failure…

Cardiology Pulmonary embolism occurs when venous thrombi embolize to the pulmonary artery or its branches. In the majority of cases, the thrombus is formed in…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG…

…disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially…

…is greatest in patients with the most severe heart failure. In stable patients, it is advisable to add therapy with beta blocking agents before full…

…CABG. Physical examination findings are not specific to left main disease. The examination should nevertheless assess the consequences of extensive myocardial ischaemia, including heart failure…

…condition. It is associated with a two to four fold increase in lifetime cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and approximately doubles cardiovascular risk on average. Its…

…artery perfusion. These changes gradually lead to insufficient coronary perfusion (i.e myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris), ventricular dysfunction (heart failure) and arrhythmias. The annual…

…used in patients with heart failure, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and in selected cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Due to its profound pro arrhythmic effects…

…disease, both at the population and individual levels. Several prediction models have been developed and validated for the prediction of heart failure, coronary artery disease…

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Female Age : 72 years History : heart failure Medications : digoxin, quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are…

…ruler in the image. A reduction in size of 40% within four weeks predicts healing — failure to shrink should prompt reconsideration of the diagnosis. 3…

…A failure to improve function is a reason to taper off, not to increase the dose. Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure…

…and excess cardiovascular risk. The European definition requires failure to reduce office systolic and diastolic blood pressure to below 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively…

…an impulse for ≥2 seconds. Failure to discharge an impulse within <2 seconds is defined as a sinoatrial pause. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1…

…the principles that are common to all protocols. Children, pregnant women and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a…

…renal failure or simply deterioration. The procedure itself is straightforward: ultrasound to find the fluid, an insertion site in the left lower quadrant lateral to…

…As of 2025, it is recommended to use the CHA₂DS₂ VA score for stroke risk assessment in atrial fibrillation patients. By excluding the sex parameter…

…the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity…

…for heart failure and one in five for stroke. Sex and gender are distinct but interacting determinants of cardiovascular health. Sex refers principally to biological…

…heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to…

…The clinical presentation of multivessel CAD varies from stable angina or exertional limitation to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure or cardiogenic shock…

…managed in the ICU. Post resuscitation care requires expertise and resources to diagnose, monitor and manage neurological injuries, hemodynamic and respiratory instability, multiorgan failure, infections…

…valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. There are six main types of cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM…

…afterload. In the case of left ventricular failure, the pressure in the pulmonary vessels rises and the pressure rise propagates to the right ventricle. Pulmonary…

…blocks (refer to Introduction to AV Blocks). Second degree AV block is defined by the intermittent failure of atrial impulses to conduct to the ventricles…

…and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions (such as myocarditis) or non cardiac conditions (such as renal failure). To establish a diagnosis of MI…

…heart failure, and weakest with ischaemic stroke and cardiovascular or all cause mortality. Risk rises gradually from approximately 30 mg/dL (62 nmol/L) to…

…accessory respiratory muscles or paradoxical abdominal breathing Impending muscle fatigue Respiratory rate above 25 to 30 per minute Increased risk of ventilatory failure New drowsiness…