…constant and battery depletion must be minimized, most pacemakers use lead tips with high resistance (400 to 1200 Ω). The higher the resistance in the…

…exercise induced arrhythmias Evaluating the blood pressure response Refining risk stratification and prognosis For patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…a normal radiograph. Contraindications An open fracture or a wound that needs to be inspected — use a windowed splint or external fixation. Established or impending…

…problem is necessary for durable treatment. Intracoronary imaging is encouraged to define the mechanism rather than relying on angiography alone. Factors associated with restenosis The…

…approximately 5–20 µm depending on the system, compared with roughly 70–200 µm for gray scale IVUS. This allows detailed visualization of the lumen…

…patient with suspected syncope aims to determine whether the transient loss of consciousness was due to syncope, identify the cause, and assess the risk for…

…In patients with an initial shockable rhythm, compressions and ventilation can extend the duration of the shockable rhythm by several minutes, allowing for EMS or…

…cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and…

…arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided by certified instructors worldwide…

…hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external jugular vein…

…Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation…

…guidelines of the Swedish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAI), together with the antidotes. Material for immobilisation: a shoulder sling, a dorsal backslab…

…be delivered by virtually anyone, advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACLS) is provided by healthcare professionals with the skills and equipment required. Although ACLS is more advanced…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989;29:1430 3. Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…In patients presenting with concurrent sepsis and cardiac arrest, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) protocols are followed. Moreover, for optimal management in the context of sepsis…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989;29:1430 3. Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for…

…Electrocution Cardiac arrest due to electrical current through the heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation…

…line with guidelines issued by ASE, EACVI and BSE. External resources Guidelines from ASE (American Society of Echocardiography) Guidelines from ESC (European Society for Cardiology…

…continue drug therapy. It is very common that patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or even cause the bradycardia; in…

…as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse…

…complexity and costs of interventions increase with each step in the chain of survival, it is the first 3 actions that are fundamental for survival…

…injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula in several sizes. Use the largest speculum that will fit …

…of polyurethane or silicone for nutrition, since it causes less mucosal irritation with longer term use. A water soluble lubricant, preferably with a local anaesthetic…

…chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of evident hemorrhage, potential…

…the first instance. Measure the glucose before every meal and at bedtime Enteral or parenteral nutrition Insulin is needed around the clock. A continuous infusion…

…60 Targeted light sedation with a daily wake up trial shortens the time on the ventilator. See the article on confusion for the management of…