ECG Stimulation threshold As previously discussed, myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum…

…which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually on a treadmill, while symptoms, a 12 lead ECG, heart rate and blood pressure are monitored…

…action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Any stimulus driving the membrane potential…

…a normal radiograph. Contraindications An open fracture or a wound that needs to be inspected — use a windowed splint or external fixation. Established or impending…

…after balloon angioplasty differs mechanistically from ISR. Balloon angioplasty may result in negative remodelling and reparative arterial constriction. A stent provides a rigid scaffold that…

…principal advantage is tissue penetration, generally allowing assessment several millimetres beyond the lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful…

…reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli. The underlying pathophysiology is rooted in autonomic dysregulation within a structurally normal heart. During an episode…

…VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include all bradyarrhythmias, pulse less electrical activity (PEA), and asystole. Bradyarrhythmias are discussed in the chapter Management…

…with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders…

…may be sufficient to resuscitate the individual, especially if an automatic external defibrillator (AED) is available and used appropriately. According to the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation…

…the antecubital fossa or the external jugular vein are the vessels that can most often still be punctured — and ultrasound makes the deep forearm veins…

…and a blood gas. Ventilate by mask in opioid induced respiratory depression while naloxone is prepared C Pulse, blood pressure, peripheral perfusion, two intravenous cannulae…

…be lowered, preferably allowing the prone position. Monitoring: pulse oximetry, blood pressure, ECG and capnography during sedation, with oxygen and a bag available. Drugs for…

…NNT of 10, then 10 people must be treated to save 1. AED = automatic external defibrillator. ECMO = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ALS = Advanced…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…In instances of tension pneumothorax, the accumulated pressure can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally as a laryngeal displacement. Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic…

…a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg, consider the initiation of vasopressor…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995;30:16975…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995; 30:16975…

…trauma. Drowning Cardiac arrest due to drowning Electrocution Cardiac arrest due to electrical current through the heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes…

…External resources Guidelines from ASE (American Society of Echocardiography) Guidelines from ESC (European Society for Cardiology) Preparations for the examination Patients referred for echocardiography should…

…Hyperthermia Increased intracranial pressure Irreversible causes of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (fibrosis) Myocardial ischemia/infarction Lesions due to heart surgery Myocarditis Collagen…

…automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse. Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) : The pressure…

…addition to ambulances. Chest compressions are prioritized above ventilations. DEFIBRILLATION Public defibrillators (AED, Automatic External Defibrillator) can be used by anyone. First responders are oft

…a 30–60 mL syringe with a soft irrigation catheter, or an electric ear irrigator with pressure limitation, body temperature water or saline ( 36–37…

…major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of…

…critical than performing chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of…

…the first instance. Measure the glucose before every meal and at bedtime Enteral or parenteral nutrition Insulin is needed around the clock. A continuous infusion…

…Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) 60–70 mmHg CPP = MAP − ICP RASS −2 to 0 Lightly sedated to awake and calm CAM ICU Negative Screen…