…frequent cause of PCI failure, despite its substantially lower incidence with drug eluting stents (DES) than with bare metal stents (BMS). Clinical ISR is generally…

…penetration, generally allowing assessment several millimetres beyond the lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful for determining vessel size…

…meaning that the efficacy of these interventions is much lower or uncertain. Indeed, the greatest opportunities for survival exist during the first few minutes from…

…production or acquisition surpasses the body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)…

…hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external jugular vein…

…M, Skalski J. Successful resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 11.8 degrees C: where is the lower bound for human beings? Eur J Cardiothorac Su

…chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of evident hemorrhage, potential…

ECG Stimulation threshold As previously discussed, myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Any stimulus driving the membrane potential…

…radiograph. Contraindications An open fracture or a wound that needs to be inspected — use a windowed splint or external fixation. Established or impending compartment syndrome…

…reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli. The underlying pathophysiology is rooted in autonomic dysregulation within a structurally normal heart. During an episode…

…medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene. If an AED (automatic external defibrillator) has been connected, it should be interrogated (if possible) to…

…with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders…

…Perkins et al Table 1. Number needed to treat (NNT) for interventions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. AED = automatic external defibrillator. The Number Needed to Treat…

…Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation…

…arm is held in slight abduction and external rotation, and the patient resists internal rotation. Check the axillary nerve: sensation over the lateral part of…

…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…pneumothorax, the accumulated pressure can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally as a laryngeal displacement. Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations…

…It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs…

…Electrocution Cardiac arrest due to electrical current through the heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation…

…presents recommendations for conducting a standard transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) examination and it is in line with guidelines issued by ASE, EACVI and BSE. External resources…

…dysfunction, the condition is referred to as sick sinus syndrome . Causes of sinus node dysfunction The causes have been discussed in each respective article. A…

…introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac Arrest) : Sudden and unexpected…

…complexity and costs of interventions increase with each step in the chain of survival, it is the first 3 actions that are fundamental for survival…

…and the examination is needed for the diagnosis. Before audiometry or the fitting of a hearing aid. Recurrent otitis externa in which the wax retains…

…according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of gastric contents and…

…in the hospital. Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline on the management of hyperglycaemia in hospitalised adults. The summary of product characteristics for each insulin preparation.

…septic shock Haemoglobin, transfusion threshold 70 g/L 80 g/L in acute coronary syndrome See the circulatory and haemodynamic parameters for pressures, flows and…