…may be sufficient to resuscitate the individual, especially if an automatic external defibrillator (AED) is available and used appropriately. According to the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation…

…NNT of 10, then 10 people must be treated to save 1. AED = automatic external defibrillator. ECMO = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ALS = Advanced…

…medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene. If an AED (automatic external defibrillator) has been connected, it should be interrogated (if possible) to…

…as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse…

…addition to ambulances. Chest compressions are prioritized above ventilations. DEFIBRILLATION Public defibrillators (AED, Automatic External Defibrillator) can be used by anyone. First responders are oft

…tailored to the patient's needs. Programming is done through an external device that communicates wirelessly with the pacemaker. A wide range of settings can…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…closed circumferential cast , and the patient must leave with clear information about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or…

…the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty. The biological response therefore occurs primarily…

…principal advantage is tissue penetration, generally allowing assessment several millimetres beyond the lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful…

…monitoring and must be avoided in patients with carotid bruits, possible or known plaques, or stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be…

…cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and…

…In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external jugular vein are the vessels that can most often still be punctured — and ultrasound…

…be saved early for later targeted analysis. Initial monitoring and investigations Investigation Comment : : Plasma glucose Taken immediately and repeated in impaired consciousness, or with insulin…

…before and after the reduction , together with the distal pulse and sensation throughout the arm. External rotation (the Hennepin technique). The patient lies supine or…

…al. and Safar et al. The majority of all asphytic cardiac arrests begin with PEA and progress to asystole. Shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation [VF], ventricular…

…pneumothorax, the accumulated pressure can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally as a laryngeal displacement. Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations…

…and can guide resuscitative efforts. If the patient presents with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding 4 mmol/l, commence an intravenous fluid resuscitation…

…EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL. Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989;29:1430 3. Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos…

CPR Tamponade and cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops…

…arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common. The figure 80% occurs in most textbooks in…

…echocardiographic (TTE) examination and it is in line with guidelines issued by ASE, EACVI and BSE. External resources Guidelines from ASE (American Society of Echocardiography…

…the previous articles. Hence, sinus node dysfunction may manifest with any of the four abovementioned conditions. The majority of patients will experience symptoms, although some…

…reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged…

…the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with an impaired cough reflex, and the first…

…critical than performing chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of…

…the first instance. Measure the glucose before every meal and at bedtime Enteral or parenteral nutrition Insulin is needed around the clock. A continuous infusion…

…for delirium every shift BIS (during neuromuscular blockade) 40–60 Targeted light sedation with a daily wake up trial shortens the time on the ventilator…