ECG Stimulation threshold As previously discussed, myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Any stimulus driving the membrane potential…

…a normal radiograph. Contraindications An open fracture or a wound that needs to be inspected — use a windowed splint or external fixation. Established or impending…

…the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty. The biological response therefore occurs primarily…

…principal advantage is tissue penetration, generally allowing assessment several millimetres beyond the lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful…

…reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli. The underlying pathophysiology is rooted in autonomic dysregulation within a structurally normal heart. During an episode…

…medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene. If an AED (automatic external defibrillator) has been connected, it should be interrogated (if possible) to…

…with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders…

…including laypeople. As shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness…

Procedurer In acute circulatory failure it is not the number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula…

…Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation…

…after every attempt at reduction — otherwise it is impossible to determine afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by the treatment…

…NNT of 10, then 10 people must be treated to save 1. AED = automatic external defibrillator. ECMO = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ALS = Advanced…

…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…pneumothorax, the accumulated pressure can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally as a laryngeal displacement. Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations…

…EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL. Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos…

…and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in Table 1 below. Severity Clinical presentation Treatment Mild hyperthermia Thirst. Weakness. Cold environment…

…EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL. Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos…

…due to drowning Electrocution Cardiac arrest due to electrical current through the heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes, for example foreign body…

…External resources Guidelines from ASE (American Society of Echocardiography) Guidelines from ESC (European Society for Cardiology) Preparations for the examination Patients referred for echocardiography should…

…if caused by irreversible conditions, a progressive disease that necessitates treatment. Implementation of an external artificial pacemaker is an effective treatment. In cthe ase of…

…result of cardiac or vascular condition. May reverse spontaneously (e.g., vasovagal syncope) or with treatment (e.g., arrhythmias). Unconsciousness occurs within 10 seconds of…

…addition to ambulances. Chest compressions are prioritized above ventilations. DEFIBRILLATION Public defibrillators (AED, Automatic External Defibrillator) can be used by anyone. First responders are oft

…Diabetes, immunosuppression A risk of necrotising otitis externa Anticoagulant treatment Bleeding into the ear canal Previous radiotherapy to the head and neck Fragile skin, poor…

…major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of…

…definitively established as the cause of cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be performed per standard guidelines. Cardiac arrests due to trauma are characterized by…

…Stopping it leads to ketoacidosis within hours. Treatment with correction doses alone according to the glucose value, without basal insulin (a so called sliding scale…

…Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Lactate Falling A clearance 10 % per 2 h is a reasonable target ScvO₂ 70–80 % A low value…