…Ventricular contraction has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac death) : Death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Cardiovascular collapse : Sudden cessation of…

ECG Principles of myocardial excitability Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that…

…Proliferation and accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty…

…a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an idiosyncratic response to substances such…

…myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum amount of energy required to reach…

…stratification and prognosis For patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD, CCTA or functional imaging should generally be preferred when available…

…that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to be treated conservatively. Immobilisation after reduction of a dislocation. Immobilisation of…

…lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful for determining vessel size, plaque burden, and the dimensions of lesions that…

…transient loss of consciousness was due to syncope, identify the cause, and assess the risk for future episodes and serious harm. This evaluation should include…

…scene. If an AED (automatic external defibrillator) has been connected, it should be interrogated (if possible) to determine whether it has recorded any shockable rhythms…

…Two types of failure to capture should be distinguished: Genuine failure to capture occurs when a stimulus that is expected to result in activation fails…

…arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided by certified instructors worldwide…

…of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external…

…needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation…

…Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the arm is held in slight abduction and external rotation…

…AED = automatic external defibrillator. ECMO = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ALS = Advanced life support. Advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACLS) should be initiated as early as…

…asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen in acute airway obstructions)…

…Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed promptly following needle decompression…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs…

…External resources Guidelines from ASE (American Society of Echocardiography) Guidelines from ESC (European Society for Cardiology) Preparations for the examination Patients referred for echocardiography should…

…high) dosing of rate controlling drugs (e.g beta blockers) without the risk of worsening the bradycardia. Persons with sick sinus syndrome should receive an…

…maximize the likelihood of bystander CPR, laymen in the community must be trained in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BLS, basic life support). Training should be organized…

…canal stenosis or exostoses Narrow and hard to reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation…

…Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of gastric contents and evacuation in poisoning (see…

…chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively established as the cause of cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be performed per standard guidelines. Cardiac arrests…

…a high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in…

…0 g/kg/day Enteral nutrition Started within 48 h where possible Thromboprophylaxis Low molecular weight heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45°…