…Proliferation and accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty…

ECG Principles of myocardial excitability Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that…

…Ventricular contraction has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac death) : Death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Cardiovascular collapse : Sudden cessation of…

…a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an idiosyncratic response to substances such…

…myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum amount of energy required to reach…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal radiograph. Contraindications An open fracture or a wound…

…lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful for determining vessel size, plaque burden, and the dimensions of lesions that…

…occur in over 40% of females and 30% of males due to a lack of effective reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli…

CPR Cardiac arrest is a result of tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include…

…Most cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common…

…arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided by certified instructors worldwide…

…of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external…

…needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation…

…in slight abduction and external rotation, and the patient resists internal rotation. Check the axillary nerve: sensation over the lateral part of the deltoid before…

…save one. If an intervention has an NNT of 10, then 10 people must be treated to save 1. AED = automatic external defibrillator. ECMO…

…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

…Implementation of an external artificial pacemaker is an effective treatment. In cthe ase of concomitant tachyarrhythmia, the pacemaker allows for adequate (high) dosing of rate…

…1. Thus, the greatest opportunities exist in the first few minutes, which is within the reach of bystanders, first responders and the EMS. Unfortunately, several…

…tragus and the area behind the pinna before the otoscope is inserted — mastoid erythema and a protruding ear are not part of the tympanic membrane…

Procedurer The insertion itself is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced…

…Chest compressions in traumatic cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac tamponade, increased pressure within the pericardial sac impedes venous return to the right atrium…

…a high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in…

…0 g/kg/day Enteral nutrition Started within 48 h where possible Thromboprophylaxis Low molecular weight heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45°…