…Proliferation and accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty…

…Ventricular contraction has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac death) : Death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Cardiovascular collapse : Sudden cessation of…

ECG Principles of myocardial excitability Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that…

…a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an idiosyncratic response to substances such…

…myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum amount of energy required to reach…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal radiograph. Contraindications An open fracture or a wound…

…lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful for determining vessel size, plaque burden, and the dimensions of lesions that…

…include: New onset of chest discomfort, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, or headache Syncope during exertion or while supine Sudden onset of palpitations followed by…

…instantaneous identification of the initial rhythm ( Thorén et al ). The initial rhythm has immense significance for survival in cardiac arrest, regardless of all other circumstances…

…fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines…

…arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided by certified instructors worldwide…

…medium for most adults, long for thick soft tissue and for the head of the humerus. A pressure bag or a 50 mL syringe with…

…needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation…

…in slight abduction and external rotation, and the patient resists internal rotation. Check the axillary nerve: sensation over the lateral part of the deltoid before…

…if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open…

…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…other trauma. Drowning Cardiac arrest due to drowning Electrocution Cardiac arrest due to electrical current through the heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

…Implementation of an external artificial pacemaker is an effective treatment. In cthe ase of concomitant tachyarrhythmia, the pacemaker allows for adequate (high) dosing of rate…

…team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients. Figure 1. The chain of survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest…

…Diabetes, immunosuppression A risk of necrotising otitis externa Anticoagulant treatment Bleeding into the ear canal Previous radiotherapy to the head and neck Fragile skin, poor…

Procedurer The insertion itself is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced…

…reversible causes of cardiac arrest becomes more critical than performing chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all…

…a high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in…

…0 g/kg/day Enteral nutrition Started within 48 h where possible Thromboprophylaxis Low molecular weight heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45°…