…the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty. The biological response therefore occurs primarily…

…action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Any stimulus driving the membrane potential…

…and absence of a palpable pulse. Ventricular contraction has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac death) : Death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest…

…confusion, convulsion, tachycardia, hypotension, coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia…

ECG Stimulation threshold As previously discussed, myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…a normal radiograph. Contraindications An open fracture or a wound that needs to be inspected — use a windowed splint or external fixation. Established or impending…

…principal advantage is tissue penetration, generally allowing assessment several millimetres beyond the lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful…

…reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli. The underlying pathophysiology is rooted in autonomic dysregulation within a structurally normal heart. During an episode…

…medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene. If an AED (automatic external defibrillator) has been connected, it should be interrogated (if possible) to…

…with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders…

…may be sufficient to resuscitate the individual, especially if an automatic external defibrillator (AED) is available and used appropriately. According to the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation…

…Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external jugular vein are the vessels that can most…

…Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation…

…dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the arm is held in slight abduction and external rotation, and the patient resists internal rotation. Check…

…treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is much higher or uncertain, meaning that the efficacy of these interventions is much lower or uncertain. Indeed…

…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…pneumothorax, the accumulated pressure can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally as a laryngeal displacement. Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations…

…EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL. Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos…

…result in hemorrhage within the pericardium. Ventricular rupture : A transmural infarction can cause a rupture in the left ventricular free wall. Mediastinal trauma : Penetrating injuries…

…due to drowning Electrocution Cardiac arrest due to electrical current through the heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes, for example foreign body…

…External resources Guidelines from ASE (American Society of Echocardiography) Guidelines from ESC (European Society for Cardiology) Preparations for the examination Patients referred for echocardiography should…

…irreversible conditions, a progressive disease that necessitates treatment. Implementation of an external artificial pacemaker is an effective treatment. In cthe ase of concomitant tachyarrhythmia, the…

…addition to ambulances. Chest compressions are prioritized above ventilations. DEFIBRILLATION Public defibrillators (AED, Automatic External Defibrillator) can be used by anyone. First responders are oft

…Before audiometry or the fitting of a hearing aid. Recurrent otitis externa in which the wax retains moisture. Contraindications Absolute contraindications to irrigation: A known…

…major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of…

…cardiac arrest is 2.5%. As per data from the registry, only suicide attempts have lower survival outcomes. Nonetheless, prompt interventions can reverse cardiac arrest…

…the first instance. Measure the glucose before every meal and at bedtime Enteral or parenteral nutrition Insulin is needed around the clock. A continuous infusion…

…by day 3–4 Protein 1.2–2.0 g/kg/day Enteral nutrition Started within 48 h where possible Thromboprophylaxis Low molecular weight heparin…