…heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs…

…or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other…

…27% were caused by bradyarrhythmia, of which 74% were asystole and 26% were AV blocks. These findings should not be interpreted as representative of the…

…98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients' su

…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…intrapericardial pressure due to the tamponade. The increased pressure causes compression of the atria and the ventricles (particularly the former). Even small pressure elevations on…

…J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients’ survival? Resuscitation 2012;83:81922. Mroczek…

…if caused by irreversible conditions, a progressive disease that necessitates treatment. Implementation of an external artificial pacemaker is an effective treatment. In cthe ase of…

…J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients' survival? Resuscitation 2012; 83:81922. Mroczek…

…lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful for determining vessel size, plaque burden, and the dimensions of lesions that…

…78% of all cases in 2020. Figure 3. Rates of bystander CPR in OHCA 1990 to 2020 in the SCRR. According to the chain of…

…determine afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by the treatment. Indications A clinically or radiologically confirmed dislocation of the shoulder…

…Narrow and hard to reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an…

…complete identification of the substance. Treatment of acute poisoning consists of four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and, in selected cases…

…paradoxical vasodilation with hypotension occur, often accompanied by bradycardia. Most cases involve a mixed response of both hypotension and bradycardia. However, some patients exhibit a…

…Proliferation and accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty…

…arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided by certified instructors worldwide…

…the ends of the cast and where the edge of the slab will lie. Uneven padding, folds and lumps are the commonest cause of pressure…

…save one. If an intervention has an NNT of 10, then 10 people must be treated to save 1. AED = automatic external defibrillator. ECMO…

…reversible causes of cardiac arrest becomes more critical than performing chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all…

…Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of gastric contents and evacuation in poisoning (see…

…agonist It can cause nausea and delayed gastric emptying. Bear this in mind before sedation and endoscopy DPP 4 inhibitor A low risk of hypoglycaemia…

…myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum amount of energy required to reach…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

ECG Principles of myocardial excitability Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that…

…of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external…

…External resources Guidelines from ASE (American Society of Echocardiography) Guidelines from ESC (European Society for Cardiology) Preparations for the examination Patients referred for echocardiography should…

…involves the use of chest compressions, as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac…

…0 g/kg/day Enteral nutrition Started within 48 h where possible Thromboprophylaxis Low molecular weight heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45°…