…the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes increases during infections, including influenza (6–9). Two mechanisms have been proposed to precipitate acute coronary events during…

…prospective study of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Thus, an individual plaque’s morphology does not reliably establish that it will cause an acute event…

…of acute bradycardia in the emergency setting. In the event of manifest or impending circulatory collapse, transcutaneous pacing must be started immediately. The risk of…

…suffered a stroke/TIA, to assess whether the embolic source is the most likely cause of the event. Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac embolic sources re

…refractory to guideline directed medical therapy, occur at a low level of exertion, or are associated with high event risk. The apparent differences between thresholds…

…dose for extended treatment for patients who had a heart attack at least a year ago and are at high risk of a new event…

…randomness of the event has puzzled researchers for over 80 years. This was expressed in 1961 by Beck et al in the Journal of American…

…1): TABLE 1 PHASE EVENT IVRT (Isovolumetric Relaxation Time) No ventricular filling Rapid filling (rapid passive filling) Passive emptying of the left atrium Diastasis No…

…by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant patient, immediate consultation with an obstetrician, neonatologist, and anesthesiologist…

…Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, a half life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the treatment…

…the majority of the victims were healthy and tragically killed by a sudden and random electrical event. An excerpt from the article follows: [...] Of every…

…spread of an electrical impulse is therefore directly coupled to a mechanical event; this is referred to as electromechanical coupling . The electrical conduction system of…

Cardiology The ischemic cascade The ischemic cascade describes the sequence of events during myocardial ischemia, beginning with perfusion abnormalities and ultimately leading to chest pain…

…The benefit of carotid revascularisation is greatest in patients with a recent TIA or stroke, particularly when the event occurred within 3 months and the…

…preferably with sips of water if swallowing is safe. Advance the tube in time with the swallows. 6. Stop immediately in the event of coughing…

…universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia…

…formation and progression. As the burden of retained atherogenic particles accumulates over time, the probability of an acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular event increases. Non HDL Cholesterol…

…regardless of the pharmacological route used. In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of…

… and A reduction of at least 50% from baseline. In patients who experience a recurrent atherothrombotic or cardiovascular event within 2 years while receiving maximally…

…major modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the excess…

…the event. Although STEMI may occur at any time, circadian variations have been reported, with clusters occurring in the morning within a few hours of…

…However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac arrest may be sufficient to resuscitate the individual, especially if an automatic external defibrillator…

…QT interval + 154 x (1 RR interval) Hodges QTc = QT interval + 1.75 x [(60 / RR interval) − 60] Equations for correction of QT intervall.

…additional non infarct related lesions. Culprit only revascularization treats the artery responsible for the acute clinical event during the index procedure. Complete revascularization aims to…

…Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the target remains unmet despite maximally tolerated statin therapy and ezetimibe. For patients with a recurrent atherothrombotic event while…

…coronary event. SCAD predominantly affects the left sided coronary circulation and may involve multiple vessels. Pregnancy associated SCAD can occur at any stage of pregnancy…

…severe form of muscle injury. The biological basis of many reported muscle symptoms remains uncertain. Randomized trials have shown muscle adverse event rates similar to…

…of patients with pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis experience a second thrombotic event within 10 years ( Goldhaber et al, Kearon et al ). Epidemiology of…

…finding continuously during the window of effect, 40 seconds to 5–10 minutes after the injection . 7. Stop the test in the event of bradycardia…

…three to six months during ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of new or increasing pain. Preparation and equipment Doppler for the ankle…

…even if the relative risk is high, the absolute risk can be low. Mechanisms and pathogenesis of early repolarization The biological mechanisms underlying the early…

…the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Indications Confirmation of newly detected hypertension — recommended before treatment is started . Suspected white coat hypertension…

…events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of…

…syndrome lipid lowering recommendations. Acute coronary syndrome The period immediately following ACS is associated with particularly high risk of recurrent cardiovascular events. Intensive LDL C…

…quantify stress induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion…

…risk is low. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia. It may predate the coronary event, be detected…

…ambulatory monitoring fails to capture an event. EPS can thoroughly assess AV conduction and may include the infusion of agents to stress the AV node…

…189 mg/dL, 10 year risk of a first hard ASCVD event—fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke—should be estimated. The risk categories…

…considered part of the clinical cardiovascular phenotype. Weight reduction and increased physical activity can improve metabolic control and exercise capacity, even when cardiovascular event reduction…

…elevation myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic…

…dilated pupils can signal severe global ischemia or even herniation of the brain stem. Physiological Basis of the Pupillary Reflex in Cardiac Arrest The pupillary…

…also occur when electrical events in one chamber is sensed by the lead in the other chamber, resulting in inappropriate inhibition of the pacemaker in…

…causes of out of hospital cardiac arrest in 130'000 cases ( Rawshani et al ). Cardiac etiology Cardiac arrests caused by cardiovascular conditions and events are…

…As in other acute coronary events, the thrombotic process is dynamic, with varying degrees of occlusion that may provide a window of opportunity for reperfusion…

…thus reduce the quality of the ECG recording. Moreover, the reason for recording an ECG may itself cause distress. Fortunately, most children (even the youngest)…

…4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis…

…infarct size. Beta blockers may limit or even reduce infarct size, which is generally attributed to its reduction of heart rate and contractility. But as…

…of valvular stenosis or regurgitation, the proximal velocity (v 1 ) is very small compared to the distal velocity (v 2 ), and the difference becomes even…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to compress…

Echocardiography Principles of echocardiographic examinations In small children, it is possible to perform the entire transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with the child in the supine position…

…2 3 LQTS Risk model, a validated tool designed to estimate the 5 year risk of life threatening arrhythmic events in individuals with LQT1, LQT2…

…Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA Relprevv…

…even in the absence of classic ST elevation. Multiple studies have demonstrated the superior sensitivity of OMI criteria—including subtle and nontraditional ECG patterns such…

…more magnets constitute the same kind of urgency by a different mechanism. They attract one another through the tissue — even when they lie in separate…

…and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP) are European risk prediction models designed to estimate 10 year risk of both fatal and non fatal CVD events…

…adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications and illicit substances. Currently…

…first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina, defined by exercise related chest pain. Patients with stable angina pectoris may develop acute coronary events …

…patients with low risk of CAD. Risk stratification : Myocardial perfusion imaging is valuable for assessing the risk of future cardiac events in patients with known…

…first manifestation of coronary artery disease is stable angina, defined by exercise related chest pain. Patients with stable angina pectoris may develop acute coronary events …