…is generally assumed to be zero, yielding the simplified ratio of mean distal coronary pressure to mean aortic pressure. FFR ranges from 0 to 1…

…e stenosis localized in the valve), subvalvular (stenosis proximal to the valve) or supravalvular (stenosis distal to the valve). Valvular pulmonic stenosis can be caused…

…rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can…

…A IMH: involves the ascending aorta. Type B IMH: involves the descending aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal…

…as the “six Ps”: Pain Paresthesia Pallor Pulselessness Poikilothermia, or coldness Paralysis Pain is often severe and is located distal to the arterial obstruction. Paresthesia…

…commonly, retrograde. Distal re entry tears may allow blood to return to the true lumen, whereas disruption of the adventitia can result in rupture. An…

…intervention: lesion preparation; selection of stent diameter and length; identification of the proximal and distal reference segments; assessment of stent expansion and apposition; recognition of…

…The clinical consequences depend on: The severity and location of stenosis Distal bifurcation involvement Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic…

…exceeding those seen with native vessel PCI. Mechanisms The principal mechanism is distal embolization of atheromatous and thrombotic material. Plaque or thrombus may be dislodged…

…diagnostic angiography. Collateral vessels may maintain distal perfusion and permit visualization of the vessel beyond the occlusion when the patent donor artery is injected. The…

…involved in approximately 40–50%. Distal disease is particularly common in older people and in patients with diabetes. The haemodynamic consequences depend on lesion location…

…or bypass graft Side branch occlusion or thrombus Disruption of collateral flow Distal embolization Stent thrombosis Graft occlusion after CABG No reflow despite removal of…

…regional abnormalities in contractile function. The abnormalities affect the myocardial area supplied by the arteries distal to the occlusion or stenosis. If the ischemia persists…

…angiographic blood flow does not always correlate with myocardial perfusion on the microvascular level. This is presumably explained by distal microembolization and dysfunctional microcirculation. Indeed…

…thus pumping) activity at all, an escape rhythm must arise in an ectopic focus (located distal to the block). Third degree AV block is a…

…able to flex if it is to be free. 9. Check the distal neurovascular status again once the cast has set, and document it. 10…

…cuticle — Hutchinson's sign). An open fracture of the distal phalanx with a subungual haematoma — manage it as an open fracture. The anatomy of the…

…lateral part of the deltoid before and after the reduction , together with the distal pulse and sensation throughout the arm. External rotation (the Hennepin technique)…

…between units; follow the local care programme where one exists. Preparation and equipment Assess and document before the local anaesthetic : distal sensation, motor function, capillary…

…Serial lesions Vessel size The relationship of the lesion to side branches The extent and distribution of downstream myocardium Collateral circulation Diffuse distal disease Thus…

…atherosclerotic plaque disruption (rupture or erosion). The dynamic thrombotic component can vary in burden and may lead to distal coronary embolization, resulting in myocyte necrosis…

…is restored. Microvascular obstruction may persist despite successful PCI because of endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte and platelet interaction, distal thrombotic debris, cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial edema, and…

…12) distal segment (13) left posterolateral branch (PL) (14) posterior descending artery (PDA) (15) Right coronary artery (RCA) proximal segment (1) medial segment (2) distal…

…branch (RPLB, 16). The LMCA (5) bifurcates into the proximal (6), mid (7), and distal (8) LAD, with diagonal branches (D1, 9; D2, 10) and…

…if the QRS complexes are wide there is a risk of distal block which may progress to more advanced block (second or third degree AV…

…and the bifurcation of the bundle of His. If there are cells (with automaticity) distal to the block, an escape rhythm may arise in those…

…the ventricles to exhibit any electrical—and consequently mechanical—activity, an escape rhythm must originate from an ectopic focus located distal to the block. Thir

…Index Mechanism Advantages Limitations Key evidence Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) Ratio of distal coronary pressure (Pd) to aortic pressure (Pa) at maximal pharmacologic hyperemia (adenosine…

…receive the impulse and spread it. If the impulse is discharged distal to the bifurcation of the bundle of His, the QRS complexes will be…

…of valvular stenosis or regurgitation, the proximal velocity (v 1 ) is very small compared to the distal velocity (v 2 ), and the difference becomes even…

…2 remains below 1.33 kPa (10 mmHg) during CPR, it indicates a dismal prognosis. This threshold may trigger consideration for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO…