…in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to the renal veins and can reduce GFR…

…the left ventricle is not filled normally, there is more room for the right ventricle, the filling of which increases and the septum bulges into…

…of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is considered severe if the tricuspid annulus diameter is 4 cm. Severe tricuspid regurgitation results in right ventricular and…

…testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition…

…and hyperthyroidism Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, with increased risk of hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction, hypovolemia, or severe coronary or valvular disease Recent…

…and the target heart rate is needed for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease…

…the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than it is used — not only in…

…Highest risk of pneumothorax, the vessel cannot be compressed after arterial puncture, technically more difficult with ultrasound Femoral vein Fastest, and does not interfere with…

…2%–3% of PCI procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), rotational atherectomy, and procedures performed for acute…

…Gonzalo; Baumgartner, Helmut et al. (2012): Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). In European heart journal 33 (19), pp. 2451–2496…

…or pulmonary disease, a pulse ≥ 110/min, a systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg and a saturation < 90 per cent. An sPESI of 0…

…associated particularly with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts, rotational atherectomy, and acute MI procedures. Distal embolization of atheromatous or thrombotic material is an important…

…electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors…

…electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors…

…Recent studies on COVID 19 and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular implications of COVID 19 have been elucidated in recent studies from China and Italy (1–5…

…In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause…

…must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children. Physiological and anatomical development…

…must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children. Physiological and anatomical development…

…artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity: Do not…

…Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes. Traditional factors such as smoking, family history of premature coronary disease, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia did not fully explain…

…5% of all hangings exhibit VF on the initial ECG recording ( Kitamura et al, Deasy et al ). A complete airway obstruction results in PEA and…

…mechanism of death for most diseases and conditions, including non cardiovascular conditions. A cardiac arrest can be expected or unexpected. The most common cause of…

…severity and manifestations of disease may differ substantially among carriers. Consequently, a normal examination or cardiac investigation at one point in time does not reliably…

…with total and cardiovascular mortality ( Curtis et al ). Among patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function is actually a stronger predictor of death than…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide and in the United States. In the…

…useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement…

…tachycardia secondary to disease and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e…

…criterion is not met. The first hour Step Action : : 1 ABCDE, full vital signs, level of consciousness, and repeated assessment of the circulation and breathing…

…LVEDP and LAP, which in turn results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease…

…systolic blood pressure alone. Predictive Value : Elevated MAP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Stability : MAP…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

ECG Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

…has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, and detection may lead to inappropriate anxiety and invasive procedures. Symptomatic disease Symptoms of carotid disease include…

…evident from the fact that the vast majority of all myocardial infarctions and episodes of myocardial ischemia, do not cause ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac arrest…

…of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers visual and…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…choice between PCI and CABG. Physical examination findings are not specific to left main disease. The examination should nevertheless assess the consequences of extensive myocardial…

…disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of…

…over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma…

…significant coronary artery disease, potentially resulting in false negative findings. Radiotracers in myocardial perfusion imaging Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium…

…present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction, and a history of pain exacerbation with inspiration, along with a pleural friction rub, helps differentiate…

…rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion, myocardial ischaemia, heart failure, shock and…

…are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…

…the result meaningfully increases the likelihood of disease and can justify further investigation or treatment. Testing is therefore not an automatic response to chest pain…

…1. Flowchart showing the natural course of coronary artery disease and classification of acute coronary syndromes into STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina using ECG criteria…

…intensity of the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth…

…of permanent hypopigmentation. Areas with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not…

…mortality and atrial fibrillation. Consequently, alcohol should not be initiated as a cardiovascular preventive strategy. A drink equivalent contains approximately 12–14 g of ethanol…

…of significant LMCA disease, including acute occlusions, subtotal stenoses, and discusses associated clinical presentations, prognostic implications, and management strategies. In the GRACE ECG substudy of…

…of 1 year survival rate was 7.7% (95% CI 5.8–9.5%). Survival in IHCA Survival in IHCA was 25% in 2006 and…

…large outcome trials have clarified, and in some cases substantially narrowed, the role of revascularization itself in stable coronary artery disease, while a distinct evidence…

…and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to exert several anti inflammatory effects relevant to coronary disease…

…Identification of a coronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy, except in type 2 and type 3 MI. A diagnosis of MI should not be made…

…to activation of coagulation. Plaque rupture is typically associated with a fibrin rich, red thrombus. The size and persistence of the thrombus depend not only…

…hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not immediately required. 8. Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm…

…the first choice of drug. • Effective in sinus bradycardia or AV node block. • Dose <0.5 mg may worsen bradycardia and should not be given…

…coupled with clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. The Fourth Universal Definition classifies MI into five distinct subtypes based on pathophysiology and clinical context: Type…

…particularly in complex multivessel or left main disease. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation of multivessel CAD varies from stable angina or exertional limitation…