…in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to the renal veins and can reduce GFR…

…the left ventricle is not filled normally, there is more room for the right ventricle, the filling of which increases and the septum bulges into…

…of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is considered severe if the tricuspid annulus diameter is 4 cm. Severe tricuspid regurgitation results in right ventricular and…

…testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition…

…and hyperthyroidism Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, with increased risk of hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction, hypovolemia, or severe coronary or valvular disease Recent…

…and the target heart rate is needed for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease…

…the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than it is used — not only in…

…Highest risk of pneumothorax, the vessel cannot be compressed after arterial puncture, technically more difficult with ultrasound Femoral vein Fastest, and does not interfere with…

…2%–3% of PCI procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), rotational atherectomy, and procedures performed for acute…

…Gonzalo; Baumgartner, Helmut et al. (2012): Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). In European heart journal 33 (19), pp. 2451–2496…