…patients with pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis experience a second thrombotic event within 10 years ( Goldhaber et al, Kearon et al ). Epidemiology of pulmonary…

…Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium. Pulmonary hypertension. Left to right shunt. Right ventricular dysfunction due to pressure/volume overload is…

…strained right ventricle. Clinical probability in the stable patient The Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism: Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary…

…a result, the blood flow from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium is hampered. This reduces the filling of the left atrium and, accordingly…

…VT]). The VF waveform is initially coarse ( i.e fibrillatory waves have large amplitudes) but as the duration of VF is prolonged, the amplitude gradually…

…right ventricular outflow tract) become dilated, which further agravates the regurgitation. The proximal portion of the pulmonary artery may also be dilated in patients with…

…and dilation. Atrial dilation causes a significantly increased risk of atrial fibrillation. The increase in left atrial pressure may also propagate backward to the pulmonary…

…pulmonale is very common. Figure 2. Two ECGs showing left and right ventricular hypertrophy. Next chapter Biventricular Hypertrophy Related chapters Overview of Hypertrophy and Dilatation…

…P pulmonale: right atrial enlargement (hypertrophy, dilatation) Enlargement of the right atrium is commonly a consequence of increased resistance to empty blood into the right…

…III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation…

…III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation…

…diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema…

…80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right…

…must be integrated with the clinical history, ECG, and subsequent investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and…

…annular dilatation, or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to…

…in the AV node is high grade. Causes of tachyarrhythmia with narrow QRS complexes (QRS duration < 0.12 s): sinus tachycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia…

…other ECG changes (see below) should lead to a suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart failure…

…stenosis results in increased right atrial pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies…

…10 mL with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10…

…7 ). The explanation for this is as follows: The vector resulting from activation of the right ventricle does not come to expression , because it is…

…left ventricular enlargement, right ventricular enlargement and atrial enlargement. Below follows a discussion on the principles and differences of dilatation and hypertrophy, as well as…

…The hallmark of both RBBB and LBBB is the QRS duration which is by definition 120 ms or longer. ECG criteria for right bundle branch…

…Reperfusion therapy Management Recommendation Level of evidence Reperfusion is indicated in all patients with symptoms of ischaemia of <12 h duration and persistent ST segment…

…system (His Purkinje network), which results in rapid impulse transmission and thus shorter QRS duration (as compared with apical pacing). Because ventricular pacing results in…

…with time, clarity and respect is also what makes the decision hold afterwards. Organ preserving treatment — treatment given solely for the sake of the donation…

…than the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left ventricle. QRS duration QRS duration is…

…of synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock synchronized to the QRS complex). Typically used to treat atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and other tachyarrhythmias with…

…the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization. QRS duration is the time interval from…

…for females) C: Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block (rSR' pattern in lead V1 and qRS pattern in V6 with QRS duration <120 ms) D: Profound…

…ECG signs of left atrial enlargement 3 Left axis deviation 2 QRS duration ≥90 milliseconds 1 Prolonged R wave peak time: V1 V2 (right ventricle…

…interfere with ongoing CPR or airway management, no risk of pneumothorax Highest risk of thrombosis and contamination, immobilises the patient The right internal jugular vein…

…syringes, a three way tap. A Seldinger set with a guidewire, a dilator and a 5–8 F pigtail catheter , plus a drainage bag. Sample…

…filling. The impulse then travels through the Bundle of His, which bifurcates into the left bundle branch (LBB) and the right bundle branch (RBB). The…

…activation means that the atria activate first, filling the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before the ventricles begin contracting. To coordinate these two tasks…

…by dense collagenous scar, interspersed with surviving bundles of myocytes that form the slow conducting isthmuses critical for re entry [6] . Non ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy…

…These require a QRS duration exceeding 140 msec in males and 130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching of the mid QRS in…

…delay is defined as “a QRS duration greater than 110 ms in adults, greater than 90 ms in children 8 to 16 years of age…

…duration of the pulse must be optimized to ensure depolarization while minimizing battery consumption. Amplitudes are normally below 1.5 V and pulse duration (width…

…water soluble and short acting, not a depot preparation, and gives a shorter duration of effect. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline , 2–5 mL…

…Type 1 Brugada syndrome reminds somewhat of right bundle branch block (RBBB) in leads V1–V3, but the QRS duration is not prolonged in leads…

…Figure 1. Flowchart of Brugada's algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) from supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. Brugada's algorithm If there…

…conduction defect. Roughly 7% of cases progress to bifascicular block (which means that the LAFB is accompanied by a right bundle branch block), while 3…

…QRS duration ≥0.12 s) if there is a left or right bundle branch block. Commonly, the premature atrial impulse arrives before one of the…

…that the test failed to identify 27.8% of individuals with poor neurological recovery. The specificity of absent pupillary reflex for predicting a poor neurological…

…lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or the connected myocardium may cause mitral prolapse, and thus regurgitation. Ischemia manifests with…

…with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has…

…results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease Calcified aortic valves Idiopathic aortic dilatation …

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass…

…a precaution. Dosage of vernakalant Vernakalant is dosed by body weight, with the maximum dose based upon 113 kg. Normal dilution: 4 mg/ml. Recommended…

…kg (maximum 6 mg), then 0.2 mg/kg (maximum 12 mg) Give into a large vein with a rapid flush. Warn the patient Amiodarone…

…and of ventricular end diastolic and residual volumes. Experimental and clinical observations with a precordial dilution technic. Circulation. Redfield et al: Heart Failure with Preserved…

…reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing…

…QT dispersion. Increased QT dispersion is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This is presumably explained by a higher incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. It…