…technically more difficult with ultrasound Femoral vein Fastest, and does not interfere with ongoing CPR or airway management, no risk of pneumothorax Highest risk of…

…al). ARVC is more malignant in men, the reason for which remains elusive. Gene mutations can be confirmed in roughly 60% of individuals with ARVC…

…Right ventricular infarction. Ebstein's anomaly (Figure 1). Carcinoid heart disease. Endocarditis (common in intravenous drug addicts). Myxomatous degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the…

…right ventricular outflow tract) become dilated, which further agravates the regurgitation. The proximal portion of the pulmonary artery may also be dilated in patients with…

…size and form of the thrombus, it will occlude the main pulmonary artery or its branches. The larger the thrombus, the more proximal the occlusion…

…either LCX or the right coronary artery (RCA). For details, refer to chapter The Coronary Arteries. Mitral valve disease A wide range of conditions may…

…right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics may be used for…

…depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given for the pain…

…7 ). The explanation for this is as follows: The vector resulting from activation of the right ventricle does not come to expression , because it is…

…right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances. As for ventricular enlargement, the ECG cannot differentiate dilatation…

…showing left and right ventricular hypertrophy. Next chapter Biventricular Hypertrophy Related chapters Overview of Hypertrophy and Dilatation Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Atrial Hypertrophy and Dilatation (P…

…left ventricular enlargement, right ventricular enlargement and atrial enlargement. Below follows a discussion on the principles and differences of dilatation and hypertrophy, as well as…

…The hallmark of both RBBB and LBBB is the QRS duration which is by definition 120 ms or longer. ECG criteria for right bundle branch…

…for the management of acute coronary syndromes with persistent ST segment elevations (i.e STEMI, ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction). 1 Initial diagnosis of…

…of the P wave depends on where the atrial lead is fixed. Typically, the atrial lead is fixed next to the right atrial appendage, or…

…with time, clarity and respect is also what makes the decision hold afterwards. Organ preserving treatment — treatment given solely for the sake of the donation…

…of increasing coronary blood flow. In circumstances with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine VF resistant to defibrillations), the purpose of…

…than the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left ventricle. QRS duration QRS duration is…

…occurs in diastole or the decompression phase during CPR). High aortic pressure and low right atrial pressure favor coronary blood flow. A CPP of approximately …

…III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation…

…III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation…

…the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization. QRS duration is the time interval from…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to…

…480 ms for females) C: Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block (rSR' pattern in lead V1 and qRS pattern in V6 with QRS duration <120 ms…

…ECG signs of left atrial enlargement 3 Left axis deviation 2 QRS duration ≥90 milliseconds 1 Prolonged R wave peak time: V1 V2 (right ventricle…

…filled normally, there is more room for the right ventricle, the filling of which increases and the septum bulges into the left ventricle. During exhalation…

…tap. A Seldinger set with a guidewire, a dilator and a 5–8 F pigtail catheter , plus a drainage bag. Sample tubes for cell count…

…treated initially with diuretics, whereas norepinephrine and/or inotropes are reserved for low output and hemodynamic instability. Evaluation and physical examination The objective of decongestion…

…duration of 120 ms (0.12 s) or more is required to diagnose a complete left bundle branch block . In addition to prolonged QRS duration…

…the more efficient the pumping mechanism. Sequential activation means that the atria activate first, filling the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before the ventricles…

…collectively dictate the urgency and modality of intervention [3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a…

…These require a QRS duration exceeding 140 msec in males and 130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching of the mid QRS in…

…to right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac output. Their recognition is essential because treatment often requires urgent surgical or transcatheter intervention, with…

…rate (for example atrial fibrillation) if the block in the AV node is high grade. Causes of tachyarrhythmia with narrow QRS complexes (QRS duration <…

…16 years of age, and greater than 80 ms in children less than 8 years of age without meeting the criteria for RBBB or LBBB…

…chapter, the delivery of pacing pulses can be bipolar or unipolar. Sensing can also be bi or unipolar. Generally, sensing is more accurate with bipolar

…mmHg for 15 minutes, or a need for a vasopressor), obstructive shock or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography, looking for right…

…gives a shorter duration of effect. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline , 2–5 mL. Needles: 21–25 G, 40 mm for subacromial and trochanteric…

…condition has been recognized for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at the…

…SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails 5 criteria, which are tested sequentially (Figure 1). Figure 1. Flowchart of Brugada's algorithm for distinguishing…

…in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however, have significant heart disease. Myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy…

…hypertrophy, or echocardiographic evidence of impaired filling, make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF…

…QRS duration ≥0.12 s) if there is a left or right bundle branch block. Commonly, the premature atrial impulse arrives before one of the…

…of the discomfort. Location and radiation. Onset and temporal pattern. Duration and recurrence. Provoking and relieving factors. Associated symptoms. Similarity to previous documented angina or…

…a sensitivity of 72.2% for predicting an unfavorable neurological outcome, indicating that the test failed to identify 27.8% of individuals with poor neurological…

…genes have been discovered. Genetic testing for DCM Genetic testing of patients with confirmed or likely dilated cardiomyopathy can be recommended. There are several commercially…

…or annual growth 3 mm. Limitations Formulas assume normal body habitus Ethnic variations may require adjusted thresholds Always correlate with imaging measurements Not valid for…

…muscle rupture. The risk of rupture is greater for the posteromedial papillary muscle, which only receives blood supply from one coronary artery (Coronary arteries). Chronic…

…The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who are referred for electrophysiological evaluation (Hasdemir et al…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…with more severe neurological deficits, and carry higher rates of mortality and long term disability compared to non cardioembolic ischemic strokes. Consequently, the cornerstone of…

…prevent, or alleviate, the pressure increase in the left ventricle and left atrium. Chronic aortic regurgitation leads to dilatation and hypertrophy of the left ventricle…

Info This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

Cardiology This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain…

…days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is only administered in a monitored clinical setting appropriate for cardioversion. Administration of…

…repeated to a maximum of 3 mg 0.02 mg/kg, minimum 0.1 mg, maximum 0.5 mg For bradycardia with compromise Isoprenaline 0…

…for assessing ventricular function. For better or worse, ejection fraction has become virtually synonymous with left ventricular function. An obvious drawback with the use of…

…or treatment with sodium nitroprusside. In most hypertensive emergencies the following is aimed for: 1. Lower the mean arterial pressure by no more than about…

…QT duration represents the total time for depolarization and repolarization. It is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the…