…portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction…

…and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute a whole research field. Cardiac function is also dependent on circulatory, pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…Body composition Measurement Women Men : : : Body fat, normal 21–33 % (age dependent) 8–22 % Body fat, obesity 35 % 25 % Fat free mass index 15–19…

…Variable, often deep Pain Moderate, relieved by elevation Severe, worse on elevation, better when dependent Often painless (neuropathy) Surrounding skin Hyperpigmentation, oedema, lipodermatosclerosis, eczema Pale…

…between, a stimulation test is needed. These thresholds are also assay dependent. Follow up of known HPA suppression to determine whether replacement can be stopped…

…Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in bradycardia dependent torsades de pointes. Standby pacing — pads applied but the device…

…points) Severe Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min or dialysis dependent (3 points) Age ≥75 years: (2 points) Prior Bleeding: History…

…Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged use. Methemoglobinemia. Hypoxemia. Caution Proceed with caution in afterload dependent conditions. Nitroglycerin doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…avoid cyanide toxicity. • Dose dependent reduction in coronary and renal perfusion. • Dose dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution …

…is inhibited, the resulting accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory tract. This process is not dose dependent. Similarly, angioedema occurring…

…The electrophysiological mechanism underlying TdP involves prolonged ventricular repolarisation, which allows for the recovery of time dependent inward currents. This process creates early afterdepolarisations (EADs)…

…sinus rate. In the AV node, adenosine produces a transient, rate dependent prolongation of the A H interval, frequently manifesting as transient first , second , or…

…with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic pressure during inspiration. The inspiratory increase in right…

…and undertreatment. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors Several conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women from young adulthood, resulting…

…heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected…

…achieve the recommended LDL C target. Inclisiran: pharmacology and lipid effects Inclisiran produces a dose dependent reduction in PCSK9 and LDL C. Across clinical studies…

…LDL C. Statin therapy also produces a modest, dose dependent reduction in triglycerides. The benefit of statins extends beyond angiographic reduction of coronary obstruction. Intensive…

…myocardial contractility and induces peripheral vasodilation through cardiac myofilament calcium sensitisation. This process is achieved via calcium dependent binding to troponin C during systole. Simultaneously…

…Device function and battery status. Whether the patient is pacemaker dependent. Whether the device has been recently interrogated and whether any malfunction has been identified…

…thereby limiting infarct size and preserving myocardial function. The benefit of reperfusion is strongly time dependent. The interval from symptom onset to reperfusion is determined…

…however, operator dependent and its diagnostic performance is influenced by image quality and local expertise. Clinical Presentation and Indications Stress echocardiography is used in patients…

…DI LQTS and DI TdP is drug dependent, ranging between 1% and 8% for Class III antiarrhythmic agents depending on the specific drug and dosage…

…be generated during exercise. Effect of preload and afterload on ejection fraction Ejection fraction is highly dependent on preload and afterload. A rapid increase in…

…Apixaban is often preferred, among other reasons because it has the least renally dependent elimination. Agent Standard dose in atrial fibrillation Criteria for dose reduction…

…tachycardia dependent torsade, common in infants, often causes T wave alternans); (2) heart rate deceleration (pause dependent torsade, common in adults). In pause dependent torsade…

…a distinct ECG pattern designated as typical reverse flutter. Typical atr flutter exhibits strong reproducible anatomical dependence, which explains the high morphological reproducibility of its…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…induced coronary disease. The distinction between UA and NSTEMI has become increasingly dependent on the use of highly sensitive cardiac troponin assays. As detection of…

…tachycardia dependent torsade, common in infants, often causes T wave alternans); (2) heart rate deceleration (pause dependent torsade, common in adults). In pause dependent torsade…

…f r f u )] / [2·f u ·cos ϴ] Significance of the angle of insonation Doppler calculations are highly dependent on the angle of insonation…

…1, β 2 agonist Start infusion at 4 μg/min and titrate to desired result T½ 1 min • May cause ventricular arrhythmias (dose dependent)…

…6 minutes (Lipton et al). Survival in cardiac arrest is highly dependent on the initial rhythm (first recorded rhythm). The initial rhythm is a marker…

…atrium is 36 mmHg. Disadvantages of the Bernoulli equation The Bernoulli equation is highly dependent on the precision of the Doppler measurement. The Doppler beam…

…disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the underlying etiology. Pulmonary stenosis can be valvular (i.e stenosis localized in the valve)…

…by a repolarization (recovery). The action potential occurs in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions…

…The occlusion may be complete or partial, depending on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due…

…territory at risk has been described as approximately 75–100%, depending on coronary dominance. Significant left main stenosis is generally defined as a diameter reduction…

…which prolongs the plateau phase of the action potential. This action potential prolongation exhibits reverse use dependence, meaning the repolarization time is extended to a…

…involve coronary or non coronary factors, and ischaemic thresholds vary substantially between individuals depending on the magnitude of the stressor, the presence of non cardiac…

…be considered a basic clinical skill. Pacing activity may be visible or invisible, depending on e.g the type of pacemaker, intrinsic cardiac activity, etc…

…depending on preferences. The operator should have an elbow rest, and also avoid bending the back during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a…

…the pulmonary valve into the main pulmonary artery. Depending on the size and form of the thrombus, it will occlude the main pulmonary artery or…

…ampicillin 3 g × 4 IV plus 3 g × 4 IV 7–21 days depending on the pathogen or meropenem 2 g × 3 IV Erythema migrans…

…rest Treat first Electrolyte disturbance Correct Second or third degree AV block Depending on the indication Marked anaemia Correct A resting ECG that makes ST…

…and the last sample is in practice taken some time between the ages of 64 and 70 depending on when the previous one was taken…

…rise. Often outpatient or brief inpatient follow up depending on the clinical picture Moderate 6.0 to 6.4 mmol/L ECG and cardiac monitoring…

…septic shock, or a need for high dependency or intensive care 3 Take at least two sets of blood cultures from separate peripheral punctures. Also…

…60–90 % For acute severe hypoxaemia. Fill the bag before applying the mask Venturi mask 2–15 L/min depending on the valve 24, 28…

…substances weight, age, pregnancy and comorbidity renal and hepatic function regular medication and drug dependence epilepsy or previous seizures suicidal intent packaging, blister packs, photographs…

…= 60 / HR Validity of QT correction formulas The accuracy of QT correction formulas can vary depending on the heart rate and individual patient characteristics…

…which may have narrow or wide QRS complexes, depending on its origin. There is no relation between P waves and the escape rhythm's QRS…

…by increased right atrial and right ventricular pressures with systemic congestion. Interventricular dependence may impair left ventricular filling and reduce systemic output. In this setting…

…Its resolution is substantially higher than that of IVUS, approximately 5–20 µm depending on the system, compared with roughly 70–200 µm for gray…

…is performed by paramedics, nurses or physicians, depending on the design of the pre hospital system. ACLS involves placing an advanced airway, defibrillating shockable rhythms…

…reflected and the remainder continues through the tissues. Depending on the difference in acoustic impedance between the tissues, the angle of the ultrasound wave may…

…confirm cardiac arrest. Skin color is pale or cyanotic, but this may be difficult to discern depending on the skin tone. For laypeople, confirming absent…

…ECMO) initiation ( Soar et al ). ETCO 2 trends can vary during CPR depending on various factors such as the cause of cardiac arrest, compression efficacy…

…Less frequently, it may also present in individuals without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline…