…is routine in all Western countries. According to a Cochrane review, for every 10,000 apparently healthy newborn infants, around six will have critical CHD…

…life threatening complication of coronary atherosclerosis. The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting…

…the hand secured with tape. Greater extension makes the artery harder to palpate. Procedure Catheter over needle (direct technique) 1. Palpate the course of the…

…heart disease is the leading cause of aortic stenosis. Rheumatic heart disease is a complication of rheumatic fever, which is caused by streptococcal infections (group…

…Moreover, the HAS BLED score has been found to be predictive of intracranial hemorrhage, which is considered the most devastating complication related to anticoagulation use.

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly…

…would previously have been classified as unstable angina are now classified as NSTEMI due to the sensitive troponin assays). Interested readers are referred to E…

Procedurer Cerumen should be removed when it causes symptoms or obscures the tympanic membrane — not routinely . The wax has a protective function, and the commonest…

…immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Complications are uncommon, but their clinical spectrum ranges from transient arrhythmias and minor access site bleeding to myocardial infarction, stroke…

…the index MI and how much is related to the intervention. Diagnostic criteria General principles For events occurring within 48 hours of the index procedure…

…left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Papillary muscle rupture, producing acute severe mitral regurgitation (MR). These complications result…

…two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct associated pericarditis , which develops from several hours to approximately 4 days after…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…the valvular apparatus. Age related degeneration affects 2% of the population and leads to gradual prolapse of the valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease…

…R Wave Peak Time : Some criteria define LBBB by a prolonged time to the R wave peak ($\ge 60$ msec) in the left precordial…

…contract plasma volume and modestly lower blood pressure. Increased sodium delivery to the macula densa restores tubuloglomerular feedback, causing afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction and reducing glomerular…

Procedurer Cryotherapy destroys tissue through intracellular ice crystal formation and through microvascular thrombosis in the treated area. The method is quick, cheap and requires no…

…health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity of diagnosing hypertension and the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments, targeting hypertension is the single most…

…cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It is frequently clinically silent, which promotes both patient and clinician inertia and contributes to inadequate long…

…Developed from the ATRIA study cohort, this score aids clinicians in estimating the risk of bleeding complications due to anticoagulants. Components of the ATRIA Score…

…binding to plasma albumin, but the therapeutic effect remains unchanged. Sulfonylureas: Salicylates may potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas, possibly due to reduced binding to…

…order to completely understand the different complications related to ischemia/infarction in the conduction system, one must be familiar with the vascular supply to these…

…thereby reducing the potential for bleeding complications. The CHA₂DS₂ VA score is a clinical tool designed to assess stroke risk in patients with non valvular…

…its complications—shock, reinfarction, myocardial rupture, and ventricular tachyarrhythmia—rather than embolization itself. A thrombus may be: Mural: flattened, fixed, and closely adherent to the…

…condition. It is associated with a two to four fold increase in lifetime cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and approximately doubles cardiovascular risk on average. Its…

…mitral stenosis Rheumatic heart disease Congenital mitral stenosis Calcification of the mitral valve Complications to radiation therapy Mucopolysaccharidosis Carcinoid tumor Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid…

…who survive to hospitalization, 50 65% die within 24 hours ( Soar et al ). The causes of death among these patients are complications related to PACS…

…monitoring, complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion…

…complications and rupture. Aneurysmal sacs may contain mural thrombus, which can contribute to peripheral embolization and may reduce the apparent luminal diameter on contrast aortography…

…myocardial infarction, premature death, recurrent infarction and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the…

…Mechanical or pump failure complications , including heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Most out of hospital deaths occur early and are commonly related to ventricular fibrillation…

…and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke…

…free wall. Mediastinal trauma : Penetrating injuries to the mediastinum can cause tamponade. Post operative Complications : Post surgical complications following thoracic procedures can cause tamponade. Tamponade…

…to reach the bacteria. Endocarditis can lead to the destruction of the valvular apparatus, as well as to embolization in the systemic circulation. The complications…

…disability. Contraindications for exercise stress test Although exercise stress testing is a safe procedure, the risk of complications calls for careful consideration of contraindications. Contraindications…

…fibrillation arrests and moderate left ventricular dysfunction. This patient died at age 17 years due to complications related to his arrhythmia. His father and uncle…

…often exhibits cavities, which consist of hemorrhages in the tumor. Polypoid myxoma usually causes haemodynamic complications due to obstruction. Papillary myxomas are small; they have…

…with ECG may reveal atrial fibrillation. Unfortunately, atrial fibrillation is too often discovered first at hospital admission due to its complications (stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure…

…however, indicated routinely after uncomplicated abdominal surgery — it prolongs the time to return of bowel function without reducing the risk of complications. Contraindications Type Condition…

…withdrawal of treatment with an ACE inhibitor may lead to clinical deterioration and should be avoided in the absence of life threatening complications (e.g.…

…dyspnoea improves and sympathetic activation subsides, making it difficult to determine whether AF initiated the deterioration or resulted from it. AF has important consequences beyond…

…complications and death than men. Despite the effectiveness of preventive interventions in both sexes, women are less likely to receive statins, aspirin or referral to…

…it may extend to additional non infarct related lesions. Culprit only revascularization treats the artery responsible for the acute clinical event during the index procedure…

…receptor inhibitor. It is central to the prevention of platelet mediated coronary thrombosis after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Aspirin irreversibly…

…the procedure itself provides the clinical context, the diagnosis requires evidence of new myocardial ischaemia, which may manifest through symptoms, ECG changes, or angiographic complications…

…The objective is to reduce aortic wall shear stress and rapidly lower systolic pressure. Renal and microvascular complications Renal involvement may manifest as deterioration in…

…information about the artery. The clinical value of these techniques rests on their ability to characterize the anatomy responsible for a stenosis, define plaque morphology…

…failure presumed to result from ongoing myocardial ischaemia Haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock Life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest after presentation Mechanical complications of myocardial…

…circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological…

…and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their incidence…

…Nevertheless, many patients are normokalaemic and have no distinctive symptoms attributable to aldosterone excess. Cardiovascular complications may dominate the presentation or emerge during evaluation. These…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…complications of myocardial infarction Pericarditis Dynamic recurrence of ST segment elevation is particularly concerning for a new infarction. A pericardial rub and poor response to…

…spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function may lead to myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia…

…is not feasible to provide effective CPR due to the position of the victim, it is necessary to relocate the victim to a position where…

…of all deaths in the acute phase of STEMI. Death due to ventricular dysfunction, or mechanical complications, is much less common in the acute phase…

…at 5 minutes and be escalated without unnecessary pauses [1]. The aims are, simultaneously, to: 1. terminate clinical and electrographic seizure activity, 2. secure oxygenation…