…of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast induced…

…PCI. Type 4b MI: MI caused by stent thrombosis. Type 4c MI: MI associated with in stent restenosis. Type 5 MI: MI related to CABG…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct associated pericarditis …

…immediately life threatening; reported in hospital mortality was 42.4% for STEMI associated mechanical complications and 18% for those associated with NSTEMI. The timing of…

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

…preferred for coronary angiography and PCI because it is associated with fewer vascular and bleeding complications than femoral access. In patients with acute coronary syndrome…

…Infarction : LBBB can develop as a complication of myocardial infarction (MI) [5]. It is more frequently associated with anterior infarction than with inferoposterior infarction [4]…

CPR Tamponade and cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops…

…ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD with associated cardiovascular complications Symptoms are determined by the cardiovascular manifestation rather than by…

…ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an acute myocardial infarction associated with a working diagnosis of persistent ST segment elevation or an accepted equivalent…

…adverse outcome is aneurysm size. Larger aneurysms and more rapid expansion are associated with increasing likelihood of symptoms, complications and rupture. Aneurysmal sacs may contain…

…and other mechanical complications. Shock occurs more often when the coronary artery is completely occluded and is particularly associated with MVD. Patients with ACS and…

…thrombus formation is associated with poor short term prognosis, although early mortality is usually related to the extent of myocardial injury and its complications—shock…

…The phenomenon occurs in approximately 2%–3% of PCI procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), rotational atherectomy…

…premature death, recurrent infarction and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year…

…Immediate cardioversion is reserved primarily for instability. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment should establish whether AF is associated with acute haemodynamic compromise, pulmonary oedema…

…of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis…

…is prevention of thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke. In untreated AF, stroke risk is increased approximately five fold, and AF is associated with roughly one in…

…retinal signature includes flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and papilloedema. Associated complications may include encephalopathy, acute heart failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and abrupt deterioration in…

…therapy, particularly with warfarin. Developed from the ATRIA study cohort, this score aids clinicians in estimating the risk of bleeding complications due to anticoagulants. Components…

…AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently…

…takes into account the following variables: Maximum Left Ventricular Wall Thickness (MaxLVWT) : Hypertrophy is a hallmark of HCM and is associated with increased arrhythmic risk…

…therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large…

…complications include placental abruption, stroke, multiple organ failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, pulmonary oedema, hepatic complications, renal impairment, and cerebrovascular accidents. HELLP syndrome is associated with…

…also demonstrated increased ischaemic complications. In a large network meta analysis, 3 month DAPT, but not 6 month DAPT, was associated with higher rates of…

…cTn values become available or abnormal. Type 4a MI: Represents a periprocedural myocardial infarction associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Type 4b MI: Denotes myocardial…

…and other familial forms associated with adrenal adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. A family history is therefore important, particularly in patients with early onset hypertension…

…platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation…

…Epicardial and microvascular angina can coexist, and this combination is associated with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery…

…3) dysarthria (4) pure sensory stroke (5) mixed sensorimotor stroke. Cardioembolic stroke Thromboembolism associated with cerebral atherosclerosis. Cryptogenic stroke : These cases have no known mechanism…

…intervention). In addition to the malformation, these subjects frequently develop associated complications, which may require specific treatments. Such complications include heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias (eg…

…than asymptomatic lesions. Predisposing conditions Aortic dissection and its variants are associated with conditions that cause medial degeneration or increase aortic wall stress. Relevant associations…

…activity may be widespread rather than confined to a single lesion. Plaque composition is heterogeneous. Lipid rich, macrophage rich plaques are commonly associated with ru

…used to identify thin cap fibroatheroma, a plaque phenotype associated with subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events in observational studies. OCT OCT uses near infrared light…

…in women than in men. Smoking, obesity and psychosocial factors are associated with a greater cardiovascular impact in women. Obesity, physical inactivity and depression are…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Acute Myocardial Infarction: Definition & Criteria Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common…

…has a protective function, and the commonest complication of ear syringing is that someone syringes an ear that did not need syringing. The second commonest…

…propelled by a biologically active process. Risk factors for calcification overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis). The average age at diagnosis of…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al )…

…Atherothrombosis represents the acute, life threatening complication of coronary atherosclerosis. The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary…

…disease Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery…

…easy to compress, with a dual collateral supply to the hand through the palmar arches and the lowest complication rate. The femoral artery is the…

…with a cryoprobe gives a deeper and more controlled freeze on flat surfaces; spray technique is better on irregular surfaces and in the scalp. Complications…

…widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants…

…the S3 segment. SGLT2 also mediates proximal tubular sodium reabsorption, with chloride following passively down the resulting electrochemical gradient. By inhibiting SGLT2, these drugs produce…

…Ezzati et al, Lim et al ). Approximately 90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…monitoring, complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion…

…familiar with them. In order to completely understand the different complications related to ischemia/infarction in the conduction system, one must be familiar with the…

…the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with an impaired cough reflex, and the first…

…cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity: Do not administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria…

…low risk: patients with NSTE ACS may have substantial myocardial ischaemia, dynamic ECG abnormalities, myocardial necrosis, haemodynamic deterioration, heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, or mechanical complications…

…calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with prompt reperfusion and reduction of infarct size. Earlier estimates approached 20…

…Complications of atrial fibrillation and available treatments In multivariable models (i.e statistical models in which adjustment has been made for confounders) individuals with atrial…

…as well as to embolization in the systemic circulation. The complications can be fatal. Approximately 500 Swedes are affected annually by endocarditis and the median…

…test Although exercise stress testing is a safe procedure, the risk of complications calls for careful consideration of contraindications. Contraindications may be absolute or relative…

…Lathundar Definition and aims of treatment Convulsive status epilepticus in adults is present with: an ongoing generalised tonic clonic seizure lasting at least 5 minutes…

…or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. acute heart failure recurrent dynamic ST segment or T wave changes, particularly with intermittent ST segment…