…a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid…

…cellulitis instead gives a diffuse oedematous picture without a demarcated fluid collection. Ultrasound also shows the depth of the cavity and its distance to vessels…

…permitted correction over 24 and 48 hours. 7. Start a fluid balance chart and hourly urine measurement. Sudden polyuria is a warning sign of impending…

…than an anomalous right coronary artery. Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery can result in reduced coronary oxygen content, coronary steal…

…In many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses…

…Ch 28–32 in an adult), a funnel or a lavage system, lukewarm fluid (tap water for adults, isotonic saline for children), a collecting vessel…

… rather, it is an indicator of increased cardiovascular risk and a setting in which secondary hypertension is relatively common. Patients presumed to have resistant hypertension…

…and thyroid surgeries, as well as medications and agents such as bisphosphonates, calcitonin, citrate (from transfusions), phenytoin, phosphate, and foscarnet, among others. ECG in hypoc

…Definition and Clinical Significance In stent restenosis (ISR) is recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form of arterial hyperplastic disease…

…are electrically isolated from each other by the fibrous rings ( anulus fibrosus). However, some people have an additional (also called accessory) connection between the atria…

…The strongest established predictors of ischaemic stroke and systemic embolism are previous stroke or TIA and mitral stenosis. In patients with AF and previous ischaemic…

…tube from the tip of the nose to the earlobe and from there to the xiphoid process. Mark the distance on the tube. In adults…

…Phenylephrine Vasopressin Prioritize the collection of blood cultures to identify potential pathogens and guide antimicrobial therapy. Administer broad spectrum antibiotics in accordance with local clinical…

…left side so that the fluid collects in the left flank. Have the patient empty the bladder first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left…

…and in empyema there are no absolute contraindications — the procedure is life saving and necessary respectively. Otherwise: Type Contraindication : : Absolute No safe pocket of fluid…

…These cells form bundles of fibers that act as electrical cords that spread the action potential rapidly and sequentially to contractile myocardium in the atria…

…calculating corrected QT duration (QTc). QT correction according to Bazett , Fridericia , Framingham and Hodges follow in the calculator below. Open the calculator → Normal values…

…endoscopy DPP 4 inhibitor A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes…

…QT interval + 154 x (1 RR interval) Hodges QTc = QT interval + 1.75 x [(60 / RR interval) − 60] Equations for correction of QT intervall.

…therapy is inadequate, escalation to catheter ablation or mechanical circulatory support remains a viable therapeutic pathway [4]. Furthermore, in the peri operative setting, patients at…

…that PISA can be used to quantify regurgitation volume. In the case of mitral regurgitation (MR), the regurgitant area can be calculated using the following…

…the relationship between the ventricles, the ventriculo arterial connection and the relationship of the great arteries (segmental analysis). Ventricular function is evaluated using ejection fraction…

…Abnormalities in the QT interval can cause serious arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. QT prolongation can precipitate torsades de pointes, a specific form of polymorphic…