…tube from the tip of the nose to the earlobe and from there to the xiphoid process. Mark the distance on the tube. In adults…

…Phenylephrine Vasopressin Prioritize the collection of blood cultures to identify potential pathogens and guide antimicrobial therapy. Administer broad spectrum antibiotics in accordance with local clinical…

…cellulitis instead gives a diffuse oedematous picture without a demarcated fluid collection. Ultrasound also shows the depth of the cavity and its distance to vessels…

…a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid…

… rather, it is an indicator of increased cardiovascular risk and a setting in which secondary hypertension is relatively common. Patients presumed to have resistant hypertension…

…left side so that the fluid collects in the left flank. Have the patient empty the bladder first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left…

…permitted correction over 24 and 48 hours. 7. Start a fluid balance chart and hourly urine measurement. Sudden polyuria is a warning sign of impending…

…and in empyema there are no absolute contraindications — the procedure is life saving and necessary respectively. Otherwise: Type Contraindication : : Absolute No safe pocket of fluid…

…the relevant components of the conduction system, the heart and the classical ECG waveforms. Figure 1 . The cardiac cycle starts when cells in the sinoatrial…

…calculating corrected QT duration (QTc). QT correction according to Bazett , Fridericia , Framingham and Hodges follow in the calculator below. Open the calculator → Normal values…

…The strongest established predictors of ischaemic stroke and systemic embolism are previous stroke or TIA and mitral stenosis. In patients with AF and previous ischaemic…

…correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium by a maximum 8 mEq/L in…

…endoscopy DPP 4 inhibitor A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes…

…than an anomalous right coronary artery. Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery can result in reduced coronary oxygen content, coronary steal…

…QT interval + 154 x (1 RR interval) Hodges QTc = QT interval + 1.75 x [(60 / RR interval) − 60] Equations for correction of QT intervall.

…Incomplete lesion preparation Persistent stenosis within the treated segment Mechanical factors are particularly important because correction of the underlying problem is necessary for durable treatment…

…approach focusing on rhythm stabilization, relief of triggers, and reduction of sympathetic drive [4]. Rhythm Stabilization In addition to defibrillation , several pharmacological and interventional alternatives…

…that PISA can be used to quantify regurgitation volume. In the case of mitral regurgitation (MR), the regurgitant area can be calculated using the following…

…Ch 28–32 in an adult), a funnel or a lavage system, lukewarm fluid (tap water for adults, isotonic saline for children), a collecting vessel…

…and the concentration of filtered substances along the nephron as water is reabsorbed. Nephrotoxic injury may involve the tubules, interstitium, renal vasculature or collecting system…

…the relationship between the ventricles, the ventriculo arterial connection and the relationship of the great arteries (segmental analysis). Ventricular function is evaluated using ejection fraction…

…panel). As illustrated in Figure 4 the initial depolarization of the ventricles is slow because the impulse initially spreads outside of the His Purkinje system…

…in scenarios where a broader range of heart rates is encountered, as they may provide more reliable corrections. Hodges’ formula offers an alternative linear correction…