…Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites. Clinical deterioration in a cirrhotic patient with ascites: fever, abdominal pain…

…life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood…

…Phenylephrine Vasopressin Prioritize the collection of blood cultures to identify potential pathogens and guide antimicrobial therapy. Administer broad spectrum antibiotics in accordance with local clinical…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…These cells form bundles of fibers that act as electrical cords that spread the action potential rapidly and sequentially to contractile myocardium in the atria…

…correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium by a maximum 8 mEq/L in…

…and the concentration of filtered substances along the nephron as water is reabsorbed. Nephrotoxic injury may involve the tubules, interstitium, renal vasculature or collecting system…

…Abnormalities in the QT interval can cause serious arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. QT prolongation can precipitate torsades de pointes, a specific form of polymorphic…

…assessment may include directly observed treatment or detection of prescribed medications in blood or urine samples. In patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate below…

…tube from the tip of the nose to the earlobe and from there to the xiphoid process. Mark the distance on the tube. In adults…

…swelling in the skin or subcutis. Pilonidal abscess, hidradenitis abscess and paronychia with a collection of pus. Persistent painful induration after a few days of…

…in extracellular tonicity. This explains why acute hyponatraemia chiefly carries a risk of cerebral oedema, while rapid correction of chronic hyponatraemia carries a risk of…

…calculating corrected QT duration (QTc). QT correction according to Bazett , Fridericia , Framingham and Hodges follow in the calculator below. Open the calculator → Normal values…

…The strongest established predictors of ischaemic stroke and systemic embolism are previous stroke or TIA and mitral stenosis. In patients with AF and previous ischaemic…

…endoscopy DPP 4 inhibitor A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes…

…than an anomalous right coronary artery. Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery can result in reduced coronary oxygen content, coronary steal…

…QT interval + 154 x (1 RR interval) Hodges QTc = QT interval + 1.75 x [(60 / RR interval) − 60] Equations for correction of QT intervall.

…Definition and Clinical Significance In stent restenosis (ISR) is recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form of arterial hyperplastic disease…

…therapy is inadequate, escalation to catheter ablation or mechanical circulatory support remains a viable therapeutic pathway [4]. Furthermore, in the peri operative setting, patients at…

…that PISA can be used to quantify regurgitation volume. In the case of mitral regurgitation (MR), the regurgitant area can be calculated using the following…

…Ch 28–32 in an adult), a funnel or a lavage system, lukewarm fluid (tap water for adults, isotonic saline for children), a collecting vessel…

…the relationship between the ventricles, the ventriculo arterial connection and the relationship of the great arteries (segmental analysis). Ventricular function is evaluated using ejection fraction…

…panel). As illustrated in Figure 4 the initial depolarization of the ventricles is slow because the impulse initially spreads outside of the His Purkinje system…