Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), sedentary lifestyle, and atrial fibrillation (AF) [5] . Unlike HFrEF, where epicardial ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction are primary drivers…

…is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…elevated body mass index, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. Evaluation and Physical Examination The diagnostic assessment should establish that hypertension is genuine, identify potentially remediable…

…1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility: The MDRD equation has been instrumental in identifying and staging chronic kidney disease (CKD), facilitating early…

…acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have…

…HF but the diagnosis remains uncertain. Acute HF generally produces higher BNP and NT proBNP concentrations than chronic, stable disease, and greater volume overload is…

…AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often…

…disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD)…

…with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart failure—particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction—and chronic kidney disease…

…atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Diabetes mellitus in circumstances where diabetes specific risk assessment or risk categorization is applicable Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD…

…and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and…

…and kidney disease All patients with diabetes should be assessed for: ASCVD Severe target organ damage (TOD) HF AF CKD Other clinically relevant cardiovascular disease…

…than 3%, and stroke in 0.1–0.4%. Risk is substantially higher in older patients, emergency or urgent procedures, chronic kidney disease, ST segment…

…heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel…

…an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in relation to VSR. Large infarction…

…Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease…

…if tolerated 70–79 Diabetes 120–130 70–79 Chronic kidney disease 130–139 70–79 Avoid a systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and a…

…chronic kidney disease (CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with…

…in several overlapping populations: T2DM with established cardiovascular disease or high cardiovascular risk T2DM with chronic kidney disease Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF…

…be taken at the next regular time. Use with caution in patients with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea has been reported in patients…

…without the classical ECG findings. A rapidly rising potassium is usually more dangerous than a corresponding stable chronic value [4]. The grading must not be…

…hours [3,4,6]. This is a general principle, not a universal target. Chronic hypertension shifts autoregulation in the brain and kidneys towards higher pressures…

…vasodilatation. D1 and D2 (dopamine receptors): activation of D1 and D2 in the kidneys and the splanchnic vascular bed leads to renal and mesenteric vasodilatation…

…a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly…

…reported prevalence ranging from 18% to 52%. They frequently occur in patients with severe coronary artery disease, defined in the source material as stenosis greater…

Cardiology Coronary Atherosclerosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…Excess adipose tissue promotes: Chronic, low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular…

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of…

…and vice versa . Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an…

…ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic objectives Antianginal therapy in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is directed primarily at reducing myocardial ischaemia and relieving…

…or chronic chest pain attributable to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating the likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) before diagnostic testing…

…eclampsia. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical spectrum ranges from hypertension without apparent organ injury to severe multisystem disease. Severe features include: Severe hypertension, defined…

…refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease, chronic total occlusion, incomplete revascularization, or coronary anatomy unsuitable…

…often chronic, but in some cases, the condition may be transient. Pericardiotomy can be curative, which is why it is important to detect the disease…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…stroke, meningitis and a postictal state. 3. Check a repeat plasma sodium if the result is unexpected or does not fit the clinical picture. 4…

…therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial…

…By contrast, chronic hypoperfusion may result in hibernating myocardium: a persistently dysfunctional but potentially recoverable state. The chronically dysfunctional myocardium in ischemic cardiomyopathy is therefore…

…component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes…

…acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic myocardial injury . Myocardial injury is not synonymous with myocardial infarction…

…PH due to chronic lung disease, hypoxia, or sleep disordered breathing Group 4: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease Group 5…

…It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs…

…workload. Levosimendan is used in severe acute or chronic heart failure. Consider urgent angiography in patients with unknown etiology for acute severe heart failure. A…

…steroids and controlled oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in obesity hypoventilation and neuromuscular disease. Hypercapnic failure in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema that does not improve…

…non severe (DS CRB65 0–1) phenoxymethylpenicillin 1 g × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease…

…within than as figures to strive for. Ventilation In ARDS: a tidal volume of 4–8 mL/kg ideal body weight, a plateau pressure ≤ 30…

…ankle brachial index with Doppler. 4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and a culture taken…

…is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance. Indications Acute severe nociceptive pain where paracetamol and a COX inhibitor are not enough: fracture, renal colic…

…coach actively, and do not accept a trace you would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or…

…Indications Acute urinary retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a…

…HF), acute Heart failure (HF), chronic Bradycardia (second line alternative) Medium dose : 3.0 10.0 μg/kg/min. + ++++ + +++++ Medium dose dopamine activates β1…

…disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic…

…Unprotected Left Main Disease : Increases complexity and risk. Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) : Indicates systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) : Associated with higher perioperative risk…

…when serial troponin values show a dynamic change, or chronic, when troponin elevation persists without such a change. Myocarditis, sepsis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, arrhythmias…

… prevent stent thrombosis after PCI; reduce recurrent atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant…