Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), sedentary lifestyle, and atrial fibrillation (AF) [5] . Unlike HFrEF, where epicardial ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction are primary drivers…

…is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…elevated body mass index, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. Evaluation and Physical Examination The diagnostic assessment should establish that hypertension is genuine, identify potentially remediable…

…1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility: The MDRD equation has been instrumental in identifying and staging chronic kidney disease (CKD), facilitating early…

…acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have…

…HF but the diagnosis remains uncertain. Acute HF generally produces higher BNP and NT proBNP concentrations than chronic, stable disease, and greater volume overload is…

…AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often…

…disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially…