…consent if the patient is awake, and scan the vessel with ultrasound before you drape — a thrombosed or non compressible vein changes the plan wh

…spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), or another occult structural abnormality. IVUS IVUS generates images by transmitting ultrasound from an intracoronary catheter and recording echoes reflected…

…s symptoms are non cardiac. In acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the angiographic culprit lesion may appear as an eccentric stenosis with scalloped or overhanging margins…

…the axillary or subclavian arteries may increase the risk of embolization. Risk assessment should be individualized. There are no absolute contraindications to coronary angiography in…

…in investigating right ventricular load. Pressure in the right atrium (right atrial pressure) With the PA catheter (Swan Ganz catheter), the right atrial pressure can…

…compressed nasal tampon (polyvinyl acetate) with a drawstring, absorbable alternatives (oxidised cellulose, a gelatin–thrombin matrix), a balloon catheter, or petroleum jelly impregnated ribbon gauze…

…the intensive care or coronary care unit, and the operating theatre. Careful electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial…

…order to obtain a central venous catheter. 4. Take samples for blood grouping and cross matching before transfusion if this can be done without delay…

…bleeding risk with gastrointestinal and urogenital tumours Marked renal failure Low molecular weight heparin with dose adjustment, or warfarin Subsegmental pulmonary embolism without deep vein…

…haematuria with clots (a three way catheter). Instillation therapy and contrast studies of the urinary tract. Wound healing with a sacral pressure sore or extensive…