…cardiac biomarkers, imaging, angiography, and, occasionally, pathological examination. Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia. The first cellular abnormalities of ischaemia include…

…the true lumen and cause ischemia. Guiding catheter trauma is an additional mechanism of dissection and impaired distal flow. These alternative causes must be distinguished…

…of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the…

…the most severe malformations have become routine practice. The treatment repertoire includes surgery, catheter interventions, and medical therapies. Adults with congenital heart disease are mostly…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Intravascular imaging comprises catheter based techniques that directly visualize the coronary lumen, vessel wall, plaque, thrombus, and implanted…

…Procedurer Definition and Clinical Role Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is a catheter based investigation that visualizes the coronary arterial tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection…

…contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia…

…in investigating right ventricular load. Pressure in the right atrium (right atrial pressure) With the PA catheter (Swan Ganz catheter), the right atrial pressure can…

…drawstring, absorbable alternatives (oxidised cellulose, a gelatin–thrombin matrix), a balloon catheter, or petroleum jelly impregnated ribbon gauze. Antibiotic ointment (for example mupirocin or bacitracin)…