…supplies are limited. In order to reduce oxygen demands, cardiac myocytes stop contracting under anaerobic conditions (i.e during ischemia). These two measures – i.e…

…ventricle is supplied by the right marginal artery (r. marginalis dx), which originates from the right coronary artery (RCA). The RCA also supplies the inferior…

…for now, it is sufficient to note that the more myocardium supplied by an artery, the greater the ischemic area in case of occlusion. Ischemic…

…branch. Coronary artery dominance The coronary artery that supplies the PDA (posterior descending coronary artery), which supplies the inferior wall of the left ventricle, determines…

…link raw waveforms to reliable cause of death data. The current study This paper supplies that ingredient. The authors trained a convolutional deep learning model…

…workload leads to increased oxygen demand but the stenosis limits the volume that can be delivered to the heart muscle supplied by the atherosclerotic artery…

…plastic gloves, plaster scissors, cast saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular…

…has recently been operated on, is in a cast or has extensive wounds so that the cuff cannot be applied. Place the cuff over a…

…which must be tapered in a controlled fashion). The management is the opposite in each case. Equivalent doses Agent Equivalent glucocorticoid dose Mineralocorticoid effect Biological…

…else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation. The decisive…

…thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible; a superficial punch in a case of bullous dermatosis misses the subepidermal split. Choose the technique according to the…

…in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick, low cost, and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of…

…patient preferences, local availability, and cost. The pathophysiological substrate of angina may differ between patients. Myocardial ischaemia may result predominantly from obstructive epicardial coronary disease…

…features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), one should suspect concomitant right…

…investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause is often serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of suspicion of pericardial disease…

…1. Sinoatrial arrest. Also note the ST segment elevations (which in this case have no relation to the sinoatrial arrest). As discussed in Chapter 1…

…lack documentation or have only weak evidence. Venous thromboembolism when a DOAC cannot be used (interactions, cost, adherence, pregnancy after the first trimester under specialist…

…or a dressing alone. Contraindications Primary closure must be avoided or considered carefully in: Bite wounds — particularly cat and human bites, and all bites on…

…contrast, within selected high risk populations, prevalence may be sufficiently high for targeted screening to be cost effective. For asymptomatic stenosis of at least 70%…

…against interleukin 1β, provided proof of concept but was not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose…

…Consequently, posterior infarction should not be regarded as an isolated electrocardiographic pattern in every case; it may represent the posterior component of a broader infarct…

…their capital letters (Q, R, S), and small waves are referred to by their lower case letters (q, r, s). Figure 5 shows examples of…

…vice versa. Thus, long cycles (i.e. long RR intervals) are associated with long refractory periods and short RR intervals have shorter refractory periods. Aberrant…

…seconds. Case reports have indicated that the risk of high degree AV block and ventricular arrhythmias is greater in patients on digoxin or verapamil, although…

…in case of known allergy, when exposed to potent allergens (e.g. wasp stings, peanuts, etc.) and in case of swollen airways or dermatological symptoms…

…in asystole and sudden death. In echocardiography, tumour should be suspected in case of detection of ecotdense tissue masses. However, the majority of all ecotate…

…to the assessment of exercise capacity. Metabolic equivalents (METs) can be used to estimate the energy cost of physical activity. One metabolic equivalent (1 MET…

…shockable, as seen in certain causes of cardiac arrest (e.g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under…

…the muscle layer closest to the endocardium. The subendocardium has the poorest prerequisites in the case of myocardial ischemia. All myocardial infarctions affect the subendocardium…

…a · v states that flow (Q) is the product of area (a) of the cylinder and the velocity (v) of the fluid (i.e blood)…

…defibrillation (when possible) are the strongest determinants of survival in cardiac arrest. All subsequent actions require trained professionals (e.g endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions…

…common cause. Ebstein's anomaly The prevalence of Ebstein's anomaly is approximately 1 case per 200.000 live births (Atthenhofer et al) . Figure 1…

…ECG Case 1: Ventricular tachycardia progressing to ventricular fibrillation Below are sequential ECG recordings during a sudden cardiac arrest in a 43 year old male…

…benzylpenicillin 1–3 g × 3 IV Extensive furunculosis flucloxacillin 1 g × 3 10 days Wound infection flucloxacillin 1 g × 3 7 days Cat bite within…

…of consciousness, the pupils, tone, clonus and seizures. Give glucose in hypoglycaemia and a benzodiazepine for toxicological seizures E Temperature, skin, smell, injection marks, medication…

…5 µg/mL, though greater arrhythmia suppression may occur up to 3.5 µg/mL at the cost of increased toxicity risk. In routine clinical…

…which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements or can do so only at the cost of elevated filling pressures…

…7]. Etiology and Mechanisms LBBB may result from lesser degrees of conduction delay within the left bundle system in the case of incomplete LBBB [7]…

…misses a substantial proportion of cases. The cardiorenal and cerebrovascular consequences of unrecognized PA make early case detection clinically important. Current European recommendations advise screening…

…either before or after the QRS complex. In either case it will be retrograde (in lead II, III and aVF) because of the direction of…

…Confirm cardiac arrest In case of a collapse (out of hospital or in hospital) the first task is to determine if a cardiac arrest has…

…Australia. Emerg Med 2013;30:3842. Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL. Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock…

…are depolarized normally; this can only be the case if the impulse (which depolarizes the ventricles) passes through the bundle of His, and hence it…

…However, it is still unknown whether that is actually the case; i.e repolarization may actually not start earlier than normal, despite the ECG appearance…

…less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of endocarditis. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has a sensitivity of about…

…90 mm Hg). The discordance between optimal blood pressure and the definition of hypertension is explained by a cost benefit equation. The benefits of interventions…

…rhythm may arise in the following situations: If the normal sinus impulse disappears (e.g sinus arrest) cells around the atrioventricular node may discharge impulses…

…order to evaluate ventricular function, since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management…

…the R wave and/or notch in the descending limb of the S wave In case of complete/incomplete bundle branch block or pacemaker rhythm…

…of any physiological index; lesion specific and largely independent of resting hemodynamics; guideline reference standard. Requires pressure wire + vasodilator (cost, time, patient discomfort); falsely normal…

…that PISA can be used to quantify regurgitation volume. In the case of mitral regurgitation (MR), the regurgitant area can be calculated using the following…

…possible, the right leg must be intact. In the case ofblockade of the right bundle of His (RBBB) , the ventricle can not depolarize normally, which…