…absence of oxygen. Unfortunately, glycogen yields only small amounts of ATP and glycogen supplies are limited. In order to reduce oxygen demands, cardiac myocytes stop…

…It lies instead in patient selection. Because implantation entails appreciable cost and procedural risk, the risk benefit balance depends almost entirely on the capacity to…

…in the case of left bundle branch block should lead the clinician to activate the catheterization laboratory (discussed in Left bundle branch block and ischemia…

…Coronary Arteries and Localization of Infarction & Ischemia). Figure 1 shows a detailed view of the coronary arteries. Figure 1. The right ventricle is supplied by…

…delivered to the heart muscle supplied by the atherosclerotic artery. Whenever oxygen demand exceeds oxygen (blood) delivery ischemia occurs and this manifests with chest discomfort…

…for now, it is sufficient to note that the more myocardium supplied by an artery, the greater the ischemic area in case of occlusion. Ischemic…

…against the skin. 6. Fold the ends of the stockinette back over the edge of the cast and smooth the edges. 7. Secure with an…

…after vascular surgery or endovascular intervention. Assessment of healing potential in ulcers and before deciding the level of amputation. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications…

…of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs after the 4th beat. The VT terminates spontaneously after a few beats, and reoccurs again. ECG 2 . Ventricular flutter…

…subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock. ECG 12 . Sinus rhythm. ECG 13 . Recurring…

…there are visible QRS complexes. The signal in the lower lead shows that the rhythm is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (or even flutter). ECG 3 …

…tachycardia. ECG 3 . Spontaneous termination of the ventricular tachycardia. ECG 4 . Recurrence and spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 5 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, self terminating…

…3. Repeated bursts of VT. ECG 4. There are now visible ST segment elevations and Q waves not seen on the initial recording (ECG 1).

…be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory treatment (which must be tapered in a controlled fashion). The management is the opposite in each case…

…ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation…

…neck, and the superficial nerves of the forearm and the dorsum of the hand. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine…

…low cost, and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI…

…patient preferences, local availability, and cost. The pathophysiological substrate of angina may differ between patients. Myocardial ischaemia may result predominantly from obstructive epicardial coronary disease…

…and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case…

…In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause…

…situations, sinus arrest/pause should be considered abnormal, and the following differential diagnoses are at hand: Sinus node dysfunction. Side effects of drugs (diltiazem, verapamil…

…cost, adherence, pregnancy after the first trimester under specialist care). Rheumatic mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation. In uncomplicated atrial fibrillation and in ordinary venous thromboembolism…

…alone. Contraindications Primary closure must be avoided or considered carefully in: Bite wounds — particularly cat and human bites, and all bites on the hand. These…

…screening to be cost effective. For asymptomatic stenosis of at least 70%, the reported 5 year ipsilateral stroke risk is 14.6%, and revascularisation may…

…inhibit inflammasome activity, reduce interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 signalling, lower C reactive protein, and impair neutrophil chemotaxis toward inflammatory sites. Its cardiovascular effects…

…isolated electrocardiographic pattern in every case; it may represent the posterior component of a broader infarct territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material addresses…

…their capital letters (Q, R, S), and small waves are referred to by their lower case letters (q, r, s). Figure 5 shows examples of…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…seconds. Case reports have indicated that the risk of high degree AV block and ventricular arrhythmias is greater in patients on digoxin or verapamil, although…

…10 μg/kg/min). Pediatric dosage : 0.01 mg/kg. Administer 100% oxygen promptly and ensure oxygen saturation remains 94%. Provide an intravenous or…

…echocardiography, tumour should be suspected in case of detection of ecotdense tissue masses. However, the majority of all ecotate masses are vegetations (endocarditis) and thrombi…

…the energy cost of physical activity. One metabolic equivalent (1 MET) is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is…

…g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances, the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably…

Echocardiography Structure and contractile function of myocardial fibers The left ventricular wall can be subdivided into several layers. These layers are similar to those seen…

…which is not the case in the heart. Blood flow is pulsatile during the cardiac cycle; flow is high during systole and ceases during diastole…

…arrest (OHCA) includes laymen (bystanders), the emergency dispatcher, first responders (police, fire brigade, emergency services, security guards, etc .), paramedics, EMTs, nurses and physicians in the…

…common cause. Ebstein's anomaly The prevalence of Ebstein's anomaly is approximately 1 case per 200.000 live births (Atthenhofer et al) . Figure 1…

…VF and new shock. ECG 12 . Sinus rhythm. ECG 13 . Ventricular tachycardia. ECG 14 . Sinus rhythm, with ST segment elevations not seen previously. ECG Case…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss the case early with the poison control centre and with anaesthesia…

…of distribution is large, averaging 60 L/kg, and the drug is highly protein bound (96%). The elimination half life is multiphasic. An initial 50…

…atrial fibrillation and non cardiac comorbidities are less frequent than in HFpEF. The clinical population is heterogeneous because the HFmrEF range includes both patients with…

…V1 and V2) [7]. Etiology and Mechanisms LBBB may result from lesser degrees of conduction delay within the left bundle system in the case of…

…and cerebrovascular consequences of unrecognized PA make early case detection clinically important. Current European recommendations advise screening adults with confirmed hypertension by measuring renin and…

…the QRS complex. In either case it will be retrograde (in lead II, III and aVF) because of the direction of atrial activation. P waves…

…In regards to cardiac arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…which is why expeditious management is warranted. Initial management includes assessing the patient's clinical status (symptoms, hemodynamics), ECG and risk factors (age, previous disease…

…amounts to one extra case. So, even if the relative risk is high, the absolute risk can be low. Mechanisms and pathogenesis of early repolarization…

…vegetations are attached to the endocardium and, accordingly, less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of endocarditis…

…However, it may be argued that this cutoff is somewhat arbitrary and there may be individual benefits of initiating treatment at lower blood pressure levels…

…Junctional tachycardia is less common. Basic knowledge of arrhythmias and cardiac automaticity will facilitate understanding of this article. As discussed in Chapter 1 the atrioventricular…

…management only includes pacemaker therapy. Treatment of AV block in the acute setting Treatment in the acute setting is directed at managing bradycardia and reduced…

…the specificity for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R…

…outcome trial evidence base of any physiological index; lesion specific and largely independent of resting hemodynamics; guideline reference standard. Requires pressure wire + vasodilator (cost, time…

…when liquid flows through a circular orifice. The flow will converge and accelerate just proximal to the orifice. The change in flow profile results in…

…afterload. In the case of left ventricular failure, the pressure in the pulmonary vessels rises and the pressure rise propagates to the right ventricle. Pulmonary…