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Liver parameters

…steatohepatitis or viral hepatitis. An isolated raised ALP — check the GGT. A normal GGT shifts the suspicion to bone, pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging of lymphoma and myeloma. Suspected bone marrow metastasis. Assessment of treatment response and measurement of residual disease (MRD). Fever…

Epistaxis — compression, cautery and anterior nasal packing

…compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the nasal bone instead of the soft part…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula in a large vein gives many times the flow…

🟠 BMI and Body Surface Area (BSA) calculator

…does not distinguish between fat, muscle, and bone mass. It does not indicate the types or distribution of body fat. It may not be accurate…

Acute vertigo: quick reference for HINTS and differential diagnosis

…ECG, selective vascular imaging Traumatic or toxic syndrome Onset after trauma, a change in medication or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity…

Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…haematological malignancy, stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs, radiotherapy, bone marrow failure and certain targeted cancer treatments. Fever is not obligatory Hypothermia, new confusion, tachypnoea, hypotension…

Coronary CT Angiography and CAD-RADS Reporting

…at multiple angles. Tissue attenuation is expressed relative to water in Hounsfield units. Bone is highly attenuating, air has very low attenuation, and blood and…

Casting and immobilisation

…comes after the injury, not before — and that an edge or a fold presses on a bony prominence until the skin breaks down. An acute…

Central venous catheter

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

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