…hour half life, entering cardiomyocytes via the Na + /K + ATPase pump. It undergoes redistribution, making it suitable for assessing viability and hibernating myocardium, at the…

…with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump…

…hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output…

…of ischaemic symptoms. The immediate pathophysiological objective is restoration of blood flow to the infarct related myocardial territory and limitation of infarct size. The extent…

…by means of an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator. ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) , a type of ECLS, operates by drawing venous blood from the patient to…

…there is increased resistance across the aortic valve, making it more challenging to pump blood into the aorta. The most common causes are hypertension (in…

…pulmonary artery pressure etc . The right atrium must then enlarge (hypertrophy) in order to manage to pump blood into the right ventricle. Right atrial enlargement …

…Afterload : Afterload is the resistance that the the ventricle must overcome to pump blood out into the pulmonary artery. Resistance may increase in, for example…

…cannula: Intravenous drug treatment, fluid or blood products. Contrast medium for CT (this requires a large bore cannula in a suitable vein). Standby access in…

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…