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Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…space to functional alveolar space. Phase III (Alveolar Plateau) : ETCO 2 is the recorded CO 2 partial pressure just before the next inspiration. Phase 0 :…

The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

…re induces coarse VF by means of increasing coronary blood flow. In circumstances with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine VF…

Principles and Preparations for Echocardiographic Examinations

…personal identification data is assigned to the study. Electrocardiogram (ECG) The ECG is recorded during the entire examination. A 12 lead ECG is not required…

Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…clinicians must clarify whether the ECG was recorded during chest pain, since an ECG without signs of ischemia during chest pain in principle excludes myocardial…

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Holter ECG

…Measure the blood pressure in both arms when fitting the device. Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…followed by syncope Severe coronary artery or structural heart disease High risk features on examination include: Unexplained systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg Suggestion of…

Oesophageal ECG

…Monitoring with ECG, blood pressure and saturation throughout the investigation. Explain to the patient what is going to happen and that the most important thing…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…Loss of pulse. Loss of blood pressure. Loss of consciousness. Electromechanical dissociation or pulseless electrical activity despite ongoing sinus rhythm on the ECG. Subacute rupture…

Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders as Future Cardiovascular Risk

…obesity. Gestational hypertension is defined in the supplied guideline material as blood pressure 140/90 mmHg on two separate occasions after 20 weeks of gestation…

Primary Aldosteronism: Screening and Management

…its effects on blood pressure and potassium balance. The principal sporadic subtypes are: Aldosterone producing adrenal adenoma Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia Primary or unilateral adrenal hyperplasia…

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