…release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life support is followed while the hyperkalaemia is treated. Calcium chloride is then usually the first choice…

…ECMO = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ALS = Advanced life support. Advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACLS) should be initiated as early as possible. In out of hospital…

…paramedics, physicians. BLS is provided until advanced life support (ALS) can be initiated. In regards to cardiac arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions…

…suction, a bag and mask, and access to equipment and competence for advanced life support in the room. Two people: one who injects and monitors…

…heart failure, urgent hospital admission and referral to an expert centre with advanced heart failure care capabilities, including mechanical circulatory support and transplantation, is warranted…

…NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO, rather than rigid ECG thresholds, and incorporates advanced ECG interpretation, clinical context, imaging, biomarkers…

…and, where available, cardiothoracic and advanced haemodynamic support services. When fibrinolysis is indicated Fibrinolysis is indicated when: STEMI is diagnosed or strongly suspected; symptoms of…

…in advanced or acute presentations Left main disease may be clinically silent, and revascularisation recommendations are not restricted to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

…lower levels, particularly in pregnancy [1,2]. Malignant hypertension is not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency. The term denotes severe hypertension with advanced hypertensive…

…Atherosclerotic disease usually evolves over decades. Intimal thickening may be present during the second and third decades of life, while clinical manifestations commonly emerge much…

…recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of life. The underlying aetiology is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should…

…Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line therapy for patients who remain profoundly symptomatic despite optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control…

…Furthermore, sudden cardiac arrests account for 50% of all years of life lost due to cardiovascular disease ( Myerburg et al ). Sudden unexpected cardiac arrest is…

…debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2] . The process initiates with endothelial dysfunction, a…

…typically exceeding 200 beats per minute. While ECG appearances with flutter like patterns are predominantly caused by macroreentrant circuits, microreentry remains a possible alternative mechanism…

…they were met with skepticism. Their landmark studies proved that beta blockers prolong life, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of hospitalization for patients with…

…they were met with skepticism. Their landmark studies proved that beta blockers prolong life, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of hospitalization for patients with…

…stenosis with uncertain relation to symptoms Tachyarrhythmias with uncontrolled ventricular rates Acquired advanced or complete heart block Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with severe resting gradient Recent…

…ABCDE, full vital signs, level of consciousness, and repeated assessment of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or…

…The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects population ageing and improved survival among patients with CAD following advances in anti ischaemic treatment and coronary revascularization…

…spreads through the myocardium like a wave front in water. Figure 2 shows the appearance of the action potential in contractile myocardial cells. Figure 2…

…Regardless of etiology and ECG, ventricular tachycardia is always a potentially life threatening arrhythmia that requires immediate attention. The ventricular rate is typically very high…

…tranexamic acid, cell salvage, haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact transfusion medicine before transfusing again. Preparation and equipment…

…position . 2. Identify the level. Palpate both iliac crests and draw an imaginary line between them. The line crosses the midline at approximately L4. Puncture…

…Limitations of MDRD eGFR Accuracy at Higher GFR Levels: The MDRD equation tends to underestimate GFR in individuals with near normal or mildly reduced kidney…

…2. Epsilon wave and prolonged TAD strongly suggests ARVC. Low limb lead voltage. Patients with ARVC display frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVC), which may advance…

…and advance a further 1–2 mm so that the catheter tip also lies in the lumen. 5. Hold the needle still and advance the…

…examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development…

…1960s. In 1948 the NHLBI initiated the Framingham Heart Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were…

…marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior…

…wall. Glottic or subglottic obstruction — the mask sits above the obstruction and solves nothing. A mouth opening below about 2 cm. Extensive pharyngeal pathology: tumour…

…syntax2] What is SYNTAX Score II? The SYNTAX Score II is an advanced version of the original SYNTAX Score, designed to improve the prediction of…

…Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises…

…contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia…

…history of bleeding, unstable anticoagulation control, advanced age, and the use of certain medications or alcohol. Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0…

…total, 82 patients (19.7%) had elevated high sensitivity troponin I (TnI) levels. The mortality rate among patients with elevated troponin I was 51.2%…

…In diabetes, carotid plaque prevalence correlates linearly with diabetes and carotid atherosclerosis tends to be more advanced than in people without diabetes. Carotid disease is…

…Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of…

…pathways that injure the vasculature, heart and kidneys. Advanced glycation end products activate inflammatory and profibrotic signalling through their receptor. Endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular stiffness…

…Markedly reduced cardiac output in severe cases Cardiogenic shock in the most advanced presentations The symptoms of RVI commonly occur in the setting of an…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…seizures and temperature management. The ICU is the preferred level of care for the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for stable (hemodynamically and…

…decade, the landscape of VT management has undergone a profound paradigm shift. Driven by advanced electroanatomical mapping, high resolution cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, and…

…1]. Three questions must be answered immediately: 1. Is there obstruction to urine flow? 2. Is the patient hypovolaemic, adequately filled or fluid overloaded? 3…

…to alteplase and is simpler to administer, since the whole dose is given as a bolus [1,2]. In a meta analysis of three phase…

…excludes advanced fibrosis; 2.67 strongly suggests it APRI (AST/upper limit) / platelets × 100 1.0 suggests fibrosis Elastography kPa 15 kPa suggests advanced fibrosis…

…trimester Weightlifting Cocaine use Deceleration injury Systemic hypertension coexists in approximately 70% of patients with aortic dissection. PAU is particularly associated with advanced age, smoking…

…Pulses are absent distal to the obstruction, although Doppler examination may detect residual arterial flow in less advanced disease. Clinical manifestations may be relatively modest…

…fraction. Enlargement of the left ventricle predisposes to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. In advanced alcohol related cardiomyopathy, dilation may involve all four cardiac chambers. Associated…

…renal imaging Risk of progression rises with proteinuria and depends on cause 2 60 mL/min/1.73 m² Abnormal urinalysis or renal imaging Mild…

…renal replacement therapy Hypoperfusion with persistent organ injury Consider mechanical circulatory support Refractory advanced disease Consider palliative care Right ventricular failure is characterized by increased…

…gives this strategy a Class I recommendation with Level B evidence in patients with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg, with important exceptions for advanced age…

…seizures, cortical blindness, and, in advanced cases, loss of consciousness. Focal neurological findings are uncommon in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute…

…when the limb is horizontal. Improvement when the leg is placed in a dependent position. With advanced disease, rest pain may become persistent. Tissue loss…

…spontaneous thrombus lysis, and the quality of tissue level perfusion after epicardial flow is restored. Microvascular obstruction may persist despite successful PCI because of endothelial…

…Mechanical Support : Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or intra aortic balloon pump (IABP) may be required for hemodynamic support [4]. Advanced Therapies : Consideration of endomyocardial biopsy…

…the QRS complexes are wide there is a risk of distal block which may progress to more advanced block (second or third degree AV block)…

…cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within…