…rupture causes abrupt severe MR. Its typical presentation is: Sudden severe dyspnoea. Acute pulmonary oedema. Hypotension. Progressive heart failure. Cardiogenic shock. Complete transection of a…

…decades. Potential explanations for this trend include an ageing population, increased incidence and prevalence of cancer, heart failure, obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical inactivity…

…atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter can be classified into the following types: Acute atrial flutter (includes newly diagnosed cases). Paroxysmal atrial flutter. Chronic atrial flutter. The…

…the atria and the ventricles (particularly the former). Even small pressure elevations on the right side can compromise venous return to the right ventricle. Therefore…

…million deaths annually worldwide. The most common cause of sudden cardiac death is acute or chronic coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Cardiomyopathies (dilated or…

…opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to improve function is…

…The electrocardiographic appearance depends on several interacting factors: The stage of the ischaemic process: acute, evolving or chronic The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction…

…the next unit. In chronic anaemia with a treatable cause — iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, folate deficiency — transfusion is rarely the right measure. Contraindications Anaemia that…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

…airflow obstruction pH below 7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal…

…or chronic, when troponin elevation persists without such a change. Myocarditis, sepsis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure are among the conditions associated…

…chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, systemic hypertension, and concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute chest and/or back pain is the…

…heart failure requiring hospitalization. Progressive sodium and fluid retention is described as a frequent mechanism of clinical deterioration and acute decompensation despite apparently effective chronic…

…epicardial disease. The non acute phase after ACS or coronary revascularization. Non acute heart failure in which an ischaemic or cardiometabolic cause is suspected. Selected…

…anatomy is suitable. In cardiogenic shock, the principal precipitating mechanisms include ischaemia related heart failure, acute severe mitral regurgitation, and other mechanical complications. Shock occurs…

…Evaluation for heart failure. Assessment for circulatory compromise, haemodynamic instability, or electrical instability. Posterior infarction may occur in patients with a clinically unstable acute coronary…

…Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy. Dosage Acute myocardial infarction: Initial loading dose: 300–500 mg as soon…

…elevations on the ECG. Virtually all patients with STE ACS exhibit elevated troponin levels, and are thereby diagnosed as ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . Chronic…

…chronic fatigue and exercise intolerance to sudden cardiac arrest. The most common acute symptoms are dizziness (pre syncope), hypotension (chock), syncope, chest pain, heart failure…

…elevations on the ECG. Virtually all patients with STE ACS exhibit elevated troponin levels, and are thereby diagnosed as ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . Chronic…

…70–79 Chronic kidney disease 130–139 70–79 Avoid a systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure < 70 mmHg on treatment…

…this reflects true biological protection. Potentially favourable associations with myocardial infarction may coexist with adverse effects on stroke, heart failure, cardiovascular mortality and atrial fibrillation…

…well supported in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and coronary artery disease (CAD), and after acute coronary syndromes in patients with…

…implies that the left ventricle dilates, which induces irreversible cellular and extracellular processes that ultimately lead to heart failure. This initially results in greater diastolic…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in obesity hypoventilation and neuromuscular disease. Hypercapnic failure in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema that does not improve with CPAP alone…

…acute or chronic heart failure are often better categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type 2 MI frequently present with acute…

…1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility: The MDRD equation has been instrumental in identifying and staging chronic kidney disease (CKD), facilitating early…

…Few Dopamine medium dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure (HF), acute Heart failure (HF), chronic Bradycardia (second line alternative) Medium dose : 3.0 10…

…Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating…

…dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia encompasses a spectrum of rhythm disturbances characterized by an inappropriately slow heart rate. Within the context of acute coronary syndromes…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…therapy General treatment sequence High intensity statin therapy remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS)…

…and approximately doubles cardiovascular risk on average. Its cardiovascular manifestations include atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure (HF)…

…severity (Table 2), and temporal onset. Distinguishing between acute and chronic hyponatremia, based on the rapidity of onset, is of paramount importance. The primary concern…

…Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016;81:27 33. Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, et al. Causes of in hospital cardiac arrest and influence on…

…Few Dopamine medium dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure (HF), acute Heart failure (HF), chronic Bradycardia (second line alternative) Medium dose : 3.0 10…

…Comment : : : MAP ≥ 65 mmHg 80–85 mmHg in chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h…

…toe pressure < 30 mmHg. Decompensated heart failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis…

…when urethral injury is suspected. Indications Acute urinary retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement…

…the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an…

…by disease in the treated segment. The clinical implications range from asymptomatic angiographic disease to chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction…

…exercise tolerance Acute coronary syndrome Silent ischaemia Heart failure, particularly when left ventricular function is impaired Haemodynamic or electrical instability in advanced or acute presentations…

…congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD…

…hemorrhagic pericarditis). Symptoms of acute pericarditis/myocarditis There are two forms of pericarditis: acute and chronic. This article will focus on the former, as it…

…Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of wall motion abnormalities. Assessment of wall motion abnormalities is particularly important in the setting of chronic…

…Conversely, patients with chronic renal failure may have very high values without the classical ECG findings. A rapidly rising potassium is usually more dangerous than…

…adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure; congestive heart failure; prior stroke; emergency coronary angiography or PCI…

…of obstructive CAD on ICA should therefore not automatically be interpreted as evidence that the patient’s symptoms are non cardiac. In acute coronary syndrome…

…multivessel CAD varies from stable angina or exertional limitation to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure or cardiogenic shock. In chronic coronary disease…

…Few Dopamine — intermediate dose Cardiogenic shock. Vasodilatory shock. Heart failure, acute or chronic. Bradycardia (second line option). 3.0–10.0 μg/kg/min…

Njurmedicin Lathundar Acute management on call Acute kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar About this quick reference This is a practical quick reference for emergency physicians in suspected acute ischaemic stroke. It covers time windows…

…shock, serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast…

Clinical medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that…

…focus on: Blood pressure and evidence of hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope…

…of breathing, level of consciousness and PEF improve at the same time. Acute severe asthma is characterised by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the…

…experience. Studies have demonstrated that a significant proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) do not exhibit classic ST segment elevation on ECG, leading…

…on the other hand, may only display ST depressions and/or T wave inversions. STE ACS (ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) & STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial…