…rupture causes abrupt severe MR. Its typical presentation is: Sudden severe dyspnoea. Acute pulmonary oedema. Hypotension. Progressive heart failure. Cardiogenic shock. Complete transection of a…

…decades. Potential explanations for this trend include an ageing population, increased incidence and prevalence of cancer, heart failure, obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical inactivity…

…atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter can be classified into the following types: Acute atrial flutter (includes newly diagnosed cases). Paroxysmal atrial flutter. Chronic atrial flutter. The…

…the atria and the ventricles (particularly the former). Even small pressure elevations on the right side can compromise venous return to the right ventricle. Therefore…

…million deaths annually worldwide. The most common cause of sudden cardiac death is acute or chronic coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Cardiomyopathies (dilated or…

…opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to improve function is…

…The electrocardiographic appearance depends on several interacting factors: The stage of the ischaemic process: acute, evolving or chronic The severity of ischaemia and whether infarction…

…the next unit. In chronic anaemia with a treatable cause — iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, folate deficiency — transfusion is rarely the right measure. Contraindications Anaemia that…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

…airflow obstruction pH below 7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal…