…or catheterise, before puncture Pregnancy, previous extensive abdominal surgery Ultrasound guidance; choose a new site if in doubt Cellulitis over the insertion site Change the…

…aorta Previous aortic trauma Pregnancy, particularly the third trimester Weightlifting Cocaine use Deceleration injury Systemic hypertension coexists in approximately 70% of patients with aortic dissection…

…chiefly to adults with neutropenia related to cancer treatment. Children, pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with CAR T cells…

…hypotension and abdominal tenderness. Leakage or rupture is life threatening and requires emergency operation or endovascular repair. AAA may also be associated with mesenteric ischemia…

…alone. The waist circumference associated with risk varies among populations, reflecting differences in fat distribution and ethnicity. Abdominal obesity is a major driving force. Visceral…

…cases of upper abdominal pain. An ECG recording costs approximately $10 (10€) and may reduce morbidity and mortality substantially in patients with acute coronary syndromes…

…adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome…

…at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist…

…of treatment response and measurement of residual disease (MRD). Fever of unknown origin or suspected granulomatous disease with marrow involvement. Work up of unexplained iron…

…the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with an impaired cough reflex, and the first…

…40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known…

…presenting with the syndrome. Its severity and temporal pattern vary considerably. Symptoms of systemic venous congestion include: Peripheral edema Rapid weight gain Increasing abdominal girth…

…ischaemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Lp(a) is not associated with venous thromboembolism in prospective epidemiological studies. Its biological effects…

…of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with obesity include hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis…

…disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as limb complications. Atherosclerotic…

…the same time, exacerbation is a clinical syndromic diagnosis, not a sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure…

…life produces more marked suppression. Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long…

…opioid at the same time. Opioids in abdominal pain of unclear cause do not delay the diagnosis and should be given, but document the examination…

…disease, defined as atherosclerosis affecting at least two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and…

…aorta: Stanford type A: involves the ascending aorta, with or without extension into the arch or descending aorta. Stanford type B: does not involve the…

…C remains above the recommended goal despite maximally tolerated statin therapy, generally with ezetimibe where appropriate. Established clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and FH are…

…and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events and mortality. Risk factor modification is therefore directed at identifying individuals…

…a structurally normal heart. During an episode, decreased cardiac output and a potential paradoxical vasodilation with hypotension occur, often accompanied by bradycardia. Most cases involve…

…hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can induce life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest scenarios. Hypocalcemia…