…coronary disorders. The investigation should be undertaken when its diagnostic or therapeutic consequences are likely to outweigh procedural risks. This balance forms part of shared…

…of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular…

…contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction…

…vascular remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of…

…dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of an intramural haematoma that compresses the…

…microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators, producing abnormal vascular responses and potentially…

…and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise from pulmonary vascular disease…

…biologically active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells normally regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia…

…adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have…

…an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic…

…Cessation also improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a…

…s disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting…

…antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Collectively, these disorders are associated with excess cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the cardiovascular phenotype varies substantially between diseases. Cardiovascular involvement extends beyond…

…electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart…

…populations [14] . Non ischemic etiologies encompass a highly heterogeneous group of disorders. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes…

…is increased resistance in the aortic valve itself, due to the reduced area of the valvular orifice. Both aortic stenosis and hypertension result in increased…

…obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, arrhythmias, thyroid disease, iron deficiency and anaemia, kidney dysfunction, sleep disordered breathing, cancer related disease and cardiac amyloidosis among the…

…ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; extensive vascular calcification; female sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy…

…another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases…

…the calculations apply to untreated patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation ( Table 1 ). CHADS VASc Score Risk of ischemic stroke Risk för stroke/TIA/systemisk…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is rapid and may cause reflex sympathetic stimulation, including tachycardia. May therefore induce or worsen angina pectoris. The rapid reduction of…

…Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…at least two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis…

…neutrophil chemotaxis toward inflammatory sites. Its cardiovascular effects therefore appear to reflect modulation of vascular inflammation rather than lipid lowering. Other anti inflammatory strategies have…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, and restore adequate end organ perfusion. Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine that functions as an agonist of both beta1 and…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…Historically viewed as a simple plumbing problem characterized by the gradual accumulation of inert cholesterol debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic…

…diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow up after vascular surgery…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart, taking the mean of the…

…in vascular smooth muscle. Activation results in vasodilatation. D1 and D2 (dopamine receptors): activation of D1 and D2 in the kidneys and the splanchnic vascular…

…surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and of vascular injury…

…peripheral vascular disease, diabetes with neuropathy, immunosuppression, and high dose corticosteroids. The time limit and the choice of closure strategy The classical limit of 6…

…Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells…

…perfusion may be compromised. Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…acute aortic dissection, thrombosis of a graft or aneurysm, popliteal artery entrapment, trauma, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, ergotism, hypercoagulable states or iatrogenic vascular injury. Acute occlusion…

…are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of acute PE comprises four clinically…

…Thromboxane A2 promotes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents…

…injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more…

…background therapies 17%–25% In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately…

…interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular disease in older adults…

…atherosclerotic plaque, and the severity and distribution of coronary stenosis. Modern cardiac CT can acquire a three dimensional cardiac dataset within approximately 5–15 seconds…

…myocardial wall stress and subendocardial ischemia. Neurohormonal activation and vascular and renal abnormalities contribute to sodium and water retention. The interaction between cardiac and renal…

…PCI and stent implantation produce local vascular injury and initiate a sustained inflammatory and reparative response. Proliferation and accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current…

…several interrelated pathological processes: accelerated atherogenesis; vascular inflammation; progression of calcific aortic stenosis; enhancement of a prothrombotic state. Its atherogenic and inflammatory effects may be…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly in thorax (Figure 1). This area is most frequently…

…stroke or TIA. The presence of mitral stenosis, a mechanical heart valve or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart failure, hypertension, diabetes and vascular disease. Age and sex…

…is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities…

…flow limitation. The mechanisms are incompletely defined. Proposed contributors include hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes…

…because longstanding ischemia causes the myocardium to secrete growth factors (particularly VEGF [vascular endothelial growth factor]) which stimulate nearby arteries to grow new vessels into…

…Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells…

…the heart valves. Similar to vascular endothelium, the endocardium contains an underlying basement membrane and a small layer of loose connective tissue. The endocardium joins…

…coronary blood flow by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease, or a history of significant reactive airway disease…

…trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary valve…